Transitioning documentation to PEP 257 style format

I went ahead and started to transition some of the documentation over to the [PEP 257](http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/) format, specifically the [NumPy/Scipy style](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/master/doc/HOWTO_DOCUMENT.rst.txt). I also added some installation, licensing, and dependency information to the README. The work is only partially complete because I didn't want to invest too much time if this something that you do not prefer. 

The desired result, at least in my mind, is to have sphinx generating the documentation ([readthedocs](https://readthedocs.org/) integration would be especially nice) with the README containing only an introduction and the installation type information.

Best,
-tamas 
I do not like the idea of changing the user input without their knowledge, especially given that the name attribute is the primary way of users interacting with that object. I'd rather that the program crash than change it behind their back. I think a more appropriate change would be something along the lines of `assert ( name and name.count(" ") == 0 ) or not name, 'State names cannot contain white space.` `