Fix typo in solaris spinlock fix.

07968dbfaad03 missed part of the S_UNLOCK define when building for
sparcv8+.
Move ALTER ... ALL IN to ProcessUtilitySlow

Now that ALTER TABLE .. ALL IN TABLESPACE has replaced the previous
ALTER TABLESPACE approach, it makes sense to move the calls down in
to ProcessUtilitySlow where the rest of ALTER TABLE is handled.

This also means that event triggers will support ALTER TABLE .. ALL
(which was the impetus for the original change, though it has other
good qualities also).

Álvaro Herrera

Back-patch to 9.4 as the original rework was.
Allow empty content in xml type

The xml type previously rejected "content" that is empty or consists
only of spaces.  But the SQL/XML standard allows that, so change that.
The accepted values for XML "documents" are not changed.

Reviewed-by: Ali Akbar <the.apaan@gmail.com>
doc: Reflect renaming of Mac OS X to OS X

bug #10528
Add width_bucket(anyelement, anyarray).

This provides a convenient method of classifying input values into buckets
that are not necessarily equal-width.  It works on any sortable data type.

The choice of function name is a bit debatable, perhaps, but showing that
there's a relationship to the SQL standard's width_bucket() function seems
more attractive than the other proposals.

Petr Jelinek, reviewed by Pavel Stehule
Change the spinlock primitives to function as compiler barriers.

Previously, they functioned as barriers against CPU reordering but not
compiler reordering, an odd API that required extensive use of volatile
everywhere that spinlocks are used.  That's error-prone and has negative
implications for performance, so change it.

In theory, this makes it safe to remove many of the uses of volatile
that we currently have in our code base, but we may find that there are
some bugs in this effort when we do.  In the long run, though, this
should make for much more maintainable code.

Patch by me.  Review by Andres Freund.
Add new psql help topics, accessible to both --help and \?.

Add --help=<topic> for the commandline, and \? <topic> as a backslash
command, to show more help than the invocations without parameters
do. "commands", "variables" and "options" currently exist as help
topics describing, respectively, backslash commands, psql variables,
and commandline switches. Without parameters the help commands show
their previous topic.

Some further wordsmithing or extending of the added help content might
be needed; but there seems little benefit delaying the overall feature
further.

Author: Pavel Stehule, editorialized by many

Reviewed-By: Andres Freund, Petr Jelinek, Fujii Masao, MauMau, Abhijit
    Menon-Sen and Erik Rijkers.

Discussion: CAFj8pRDVGuC-nXBfe2CK8vpyzd2Dsr9GVpbrATAnZO=2YQ0s2Q@mail.gmail.com,
    CAFj8pRA54AbTv2RXDTRxiAd8hy8wxmoVLqhJDRCwEnhdd7OUkw@mail.gmail.com
Preserve AND/OR flatness while extracting restriction OR clauses.

The code I added in commit f343a880d5555faf1dad0286c5632047c8f599ad was
careless about preserving AND/OR flatness: it could create a structure with
an OR node directly underneath another one.  That breaks an assumption
that's fairly important for planning efficiency, not to mention triggering
various Asserts (as reported by Benjamin Smith).  Add a trifle more logic
to handle the case properly.
Fix typo in 07c8651dd91d5 causing WIN32_ONLY_COMPILER builds to fail.
Add support for optional_argument to our own getopt_long() implementation.

07c8651dd91d5a currently causes compilation errors on mscv (and
probably some other) compilers because our getopt_long()
implementation doesn't have support for optional_argument.

Thus implement optional_argument in our fallback implemenation. It's
quite possibly also useful in other cases.

Arguably this needs a configure check for optional_argument, but it
has existed pretty much since getopt_long() was introduced and thus
doesn't seem worth the configure runtime.

Normally I'd would not push a patch this fast, but this allows msvc to
build again and has low risk as only optional_argument behaviour has
changed.

Author: Michael Paquier and Andres Freund

Discussion: CAB7nPqS5VeedSCxrK=QouokbawgGKLpyc1Q++RRFCa_sjcSVrg@mail.gmail.com
Pack tuples in a hash join batch densely, to save memory.

Instead of palloc'ing each HashJoinTuple individually, allocate 32kB chunks
and pack the tuples densely in the chunks. This avoids the AllocChunk
header overhead, and the space wasted by standard allocator's habit of
rounding sizes up to the nearest power of two.

This doesn't contain any planner changes, because the planner's estimate of
memory usage ignores the palloc overhead. Now that the overhead is smaller,
the planner's estimates are in fact more accurate.

Tomas Vondra, reviewed by Robert Haas.
Fix thinko in 0709b7ee72e4bc71ad07b7120acd117265ab51d0.

Buildfarm member castoroides is unhappy with this, for entirely
understandable reasons.
Issue a warning during the creation of hash indexes
Implement mxid_age() to compute multi-xid age

Report by Josh Berkus
pg_upgrade:  check for large object size compatibility
pg_upgrade: compare control version, not catalog version

Also modify test for the possibility the large object value might not
exist in the old cluster.

Fix for commit e1598a15f4fb0f076a6034d3d3debb9776aff07a
doc:  improve configuration management section

Patch by David Johnston

Backpatch through 9.4
Support older versions of "prove"

Apparently, older versions of "prove" (couldn't identify the exact
version from the changelog) don't look into the t/ directory for tests
by default, so specify it explicitly.
Handle old versions of Test::More

Really old versions of Test::More don't support subplans, so skip the
tests in that case.
Change the way latency is calculated with pgbench --rate option.

The reported latency values now include the "schedule lag" time, that is,
the time between the transaction's scheduled start time and the time it
actually started. This relates better to a model where requests arrive at a
certain rate, and we are interested in the response time to the end user or
application, rather than the response time of the database itself.

Also, when --rate is used, include the schedule lag time in the log output.

The --rate option is new in 9.4, so backpatch to 9.4. It seems better to
make this change in 9.4, while we're still in the beta period, than ship a
9.4 version that calculates the values differently than 9.5.