[SPARK-1225, 1241] [MLLIB] Add AreaUnderCurve and BinaryClassificationMetrics

This PR implements a generic version of `AreaUnderCurve` using the `RDD.sliding` implementation from https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/136 . It also contains refactoring of https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/160 for binary classification evaluation.

Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #364 from mengxr/auc and squashes the following commits:

a05941d [Xiangrui Meng] replace TP/FP/TN/FN by their full names
3f42e98 [Xiangrui Meng] add (0, 0), (1, 1) to roc, and (0, 1) to pr
fb4b6d2 [Xiangrui Meng] rename Evaluator to Metrics and add more metrics
b1b7dab [Xiangrui Meng] fix code styles
9dc3518 [Xiangrui Meng] add tests for BinaryClassificationEvaluator
ca31da5 [Xiangrui Meng] remove PredictionAndResponse
3d71525 [Xiangrui Meng] move binary evalution classes to evaluation.binary
8f78958 [Xiangrui Meng] add PredictionAndResponse
dda82d5 [Xiangrui Meng] add confusion matrix
aa7e278 [Xiangrui Meng] add initial version of binary classification evaluator
221ebce [Xiangrui Meng] add a new test to sliding
a920865 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge branch 'sliding' into auc
a9b250a [Xiangrui Meng] move sliding to mllib
cab9a52 [Xiangrui Meng] use last for the last element
db6cb30 [Xiangrui Meng] remove unnecessary toSeq
9916202 [Xiangrui Meng] change RDD.sliding return type to RDD[Seq[T]]
284d991 [Xiangrui Meng] change SlidedRDD to SlidingRDD
c1c6c22 [Xiangrui Meng] add AreaUnderCurve
65461b2 [Xiangrui Meng] Merge branch 'sliding' into auc
5ee6001 [Xiangrui Meng] add TODO
d2a600d [Xiangrui Meng] add sliding to rdd
HOTFIX: Ignore python metastore files in RAT checks.

This was causing some errors with pull request tests.

Author: Patrick Wendell <pwendell@gmail.com>

Closes #393 from pwendell/hotfix and squashes the following commits:

6201dd3 [Patrick Wendell] HOTFIX: Ignore python metastore files in RAT checks.
[FIX] make coalesce test deterministic in RDDSuite

Make coalesce test deterministic by setting pre-defined seeds. (Saw random failures in other PRs.)

Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #387 from mengxr/fix-random and squashes the following commits:

59bc16f [Xiangrui Meng] make coalesce test deterministic in RDDSuite
[WIP] [SPARK-1328] Add vector statistics

As with the new vector system in MLlib, we find that it is good to add some new APIs to precess the `RDD[Vector]`. Beside, the former implementation of `computeStat` is not stable which could loss precision, and has the possibility to cause `Nan` in scientific computing, just as said in the [SPARK-1328](https://spark-project.atlassian.net/browse/SPARK-1328).

APIs contain:

* rowMeans(): RDD[Double]
* rowNorm2(): RDD[Double]
* rowSDs(): RDD[Double]
* colMeans(): Vector
* colMeans(size: Int): Vector
* colNorm2(): Vector
* colNorm2(size: Int): Vector
* colSDs(): Vector
* colSDs(size: Int): Vector
* maxOption((Vector, Vector) => Boolean): Option[Vector]
* minOption((Vector, Vector) => Boolean): Option[Vector]
* rowShrink(): RDD[Vector]
* colShrink(): RDD[Vector]

This is working in process now, and some more APIs will add to `LabeledPoint`. Moreover, the implicit declaration will move from `MLUtils` to `MLContext` later.

Author: Xusen Yin <yinxusen@gmail.com>
Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #268 from yinxusen/vector-statistics and squashes the following commits:

d61363f [Xusen Yin] rebase to latest master
16ae684 [Xusen Yin] fix minor error and remove useless method
10cf5d3 [Xusen Yin] refine some return type
b064714 [Xusen Yin] remove computeStat in MLUtils
cbbefdb [Xiangrui Meng] update multivariate statistical summary interface and clean tests
4eaf28a [Xusen Yin] merge VectorRDDStatistics into RowMatrix
48ee053 [Xusen Yin] fix minor error
e624f93 [Xusen Yin] fix scala style error
1fba230 [Xusen Yin] merge while loop together
69e1f37 [Xusen Yin] remove lazy eval, and minor memory footprint
548e9de [Xusen Yin] minor revision
86522c4 [Xusen Yin] add comments on functions
dc77e38 [Xusen Yin] test sparse vector RDD
18cf072 [Xusen Yin] change def to lazy val to make sure that the computations in function be evaluated only once
f7a3ca2 [Xusen Yin] fix the corner case of maxmin
967d041 [Xusen Yin] full revision with Aggregator class
138300c [Xusen Yin] add new Aggregator class
1376ff4 [Xusen Yin] rename variables and adjust code
4a5c38d [Xusen Yin] add scala doc, refine code and comments
036b7a5 [Xusen Yin] fix the bug of Nan occur
f6e8e9a [Xusen Yin] add sparse vectors test
4cfbadf [Xusen Yin] fix bug of min max
4e4fbd1 [Xusen Yin] separate seqop and combop out as independent functions
a6d5a2e [Xusen Yin] rewrite for only computing non-zero elements
3980287 [Xusen Yin] rename variables
62a2c3e [Xusen Yin] use axpy and in-place if possible
9a75ebd [Xusen Yin] add case class to wrap return values
d816ac7 [Xusen Yin] remove useless APIs
c4651bb [Xusen Yin] remove row-wise APIs and refine code
1338ea1 [Xusen Yin] all-in-one version test passed
cc65810 [Xusen Yin] add parallel mean and variance
9af2e95 [Xusen Yin] refine the code style
ad6c82d [Xusen Yin] add shrink test
e09d5d2 [Xusen Yin] add scala docs and refine shrink method
8ef3377 [Xusen Yin] pass all tests
28cf060 [Xusen Yin] fix error of column means
54b19ab [Xusen Yin] add new API to shrink RDD[Vector]
8c6c0e1 [Xusen Yin] add basic statistics
Update WindowedDStream.scala

update the content of Exception when windowDuration is not multiple of parent.slideDuration

Author: baishuo(白硕) <vc_java@hotmail.com>

Closes #390 from baishuo/windowdstream and squashes the following commits:

533c968 [baishuo(白硕)] Update WindowedDStream.scala
SPARK-1057 (alternative) Remove fastutil

(This is for discussion at this point -- I'm not suggesting this should be committed.)

This is what removing fastutil looks like. Much of it is straightforward, like using `java.io` buffered stream classes, and Guava for murmurhash3.

Uses of the `FastByteArrayOutputStream` were a little trickier. In only one case though do I think the change to use `java.io` actually entails an extra array copy.

The rest is using `OpenHashMap` and `OpenHashSet`.  These are now written in terms of more scala-like operations.

`OpenHashMap` is where I made three non-trivial changes to make it work, and they need review:

- It is no longer private
- The key must be a `ClassTag`
- Unless a lot of other code changes, the key type can't enforce being a supertype of `Null`

It all works and tests pass, and I think there is reason to believe it's OK from a speed perspective.

But what about those last changes?

Author: Sean Owen <sowen@cloudera.com>

Closes #266 from srowen/SPARK-1057-alternate and squashes the following commits:

2601129 [Sean Owen] Fix Map return type error not previously caught
ec65502 [Sean Owen] Updates from matei's review
00bc81e [Sean Owen] Remove use of fastutil and replace with use of java.io, spark.util and Guava classes
[SPARK-1386] Web UI for Spark Streaming

When debugging Spark Streaming applications it is necessary to monitor certain metrics that are not shown in the Spark application UI. For example, what is average processing time of batches? What is the scheduling delay? Is the system able to process as fast as it is receiving data? How many records I am receiving through my receivers?

While the StreamingListener interface introduced in the 0.9 provided some of this information, it could only be accessed programmatically. A UI that shows information specific to the streaming applications is necessary for easier debugging. This PR introduces such a UI. It shows various statistics related to the streaming application. Here is a screenshot of the UI running on my local machine.

http://i.imgur.com/1ooDGhm.png

This UI is integrated into the Spark UI running at 4040.

Author: Tathagata Das <tathagata.das1565@gmail.com>
Author: Andrew Or <andrewor14@gmail.com>

Closes #290 from tdas/streaming-web-ui and squashes the following commits:

fc73ca5 [Tathagata Das] Merge pull request #9 from andrewor14/ui-refactor
642dd88 [Andrew Or] Merge SparkUISuite.scala into UISuite.scala
eb30517 [Andrew Or] Merge github.com:apache/spark into ui-refactor
f4f4cbe [Tathagata Das] More minor fixes.
34bb364 [Tathagata Das] Merge branch 'streaming-web-ui' of github.com:tdas/spark into streaming-web-ui
252c566 [Tathagata Das] Merge pull request #8 from andrewor14/ui-refactor
e038b4b [Tathagata Das] Addressed Patrick's comments.
125a054 [Andrew Or] Disable serving static resources with gzip
90feb8d [Andrew Or] Address Patrick's comments
89dae36 [Tathagata Das] Merge branch 'streaming-web-ui' of github.com:tdas/spark into streaming-web-ui
72fe256 [Tathagata Das] Merge pull request #6 from andrewor14/ui-refactor
2fc09c8 [Tathagata Das] Added binary check exclusions
aa396d4 [Andrew Or] Rename tabs and pages (No more IndexPage.scala)
f8e1053 [Tathagata Das] Added Spark and Streaming UI unit tests.
caa5e05 [Tathagata Das] Merge branch 'streaming-web-ui' of github.com:tdas/spark into streaming-web-ui
585cd65 [Tathagata Das] Merge pull request #5 from andrewor14/ui-refactor
914b8ff [Tathagata Das] Moved utils functions to UIUtils.
548c98c [Andrew Or] Wide refactoring of WebUI, UITab, and UIPage (see commit message)
6de06b0 [Tathagata Das] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into streaming-web-ui
ee6543f [Tathagata Das] Minor changes based on Andrew's comments.
fa760fe [Tathagata Das] Fixed long line.
1c0bcef [Tathagata Das] Refactored streaming UI into two files.
1af239b [Tathagata Das] Changed streaming UI to attach itself as a tab with the Spark UI.
827e81a [Tathagata Das] Merge branch 'streaming-web-ui' of github.com:tdas/spark into streaming-web-ui
168fe86 [Tathagata Das] Merge pull request #2 from andrewor14/ui-refactor
3e986f8 [Tathagata Das] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache/master' into streaming-web-ui
c78c92d [Andrew Or] Remove outdated comment
8f7323b [Andrew Or] End of file new lines, indentation, and imports (minor)
0d61ee8 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'streaming-web-ui' of github.com:tdas/spark into ui-refactor
9a48fa1 [Andrew Or] Allow adding tabs to SparkUI dynamically + add example
61358e3 [Tathagata Das] Merge remote-tracking branch 'apache-github/master' into streaming-web-ui
53be2c5 [Tathagata Das] Minor style updates.
ed25dfc [Andrew Or] Generalize SparkUI header to display tabs dynamically
a37ad4f [Andrew Or] Comments, imports and formatting (minor)
cd000b0 [Andrew Or] Merge github.com:apache/spark into ui-refactor
7d57444 [Andrew Or] Refactoring the UI interface to add flexibility
aef4dd5 [Tathagata Das] Added Apache licenses.
db27bad [Tathagata Das] Added last batch processing time to StreamingUI.
4d86e98 [Tathagata Das] Added basic stats to the StreamingUI and refactored the UI to a Page to make it easier to transition to using SparkUI later.
93f1c69 [Tathagata Das] Added network receiver information to the Streaming UI.
56cc7fb [Tathagata Das] First cut implementation of Streaming UI.
[Fix #204] Update out-dated comments

This PR is self-explanatory.

Author: Andrew Or <andrewor14@gmail.com>

Closes #381 from andrewor14/master and squashes the following commits:

3e8dde2 [Andrew Or] Fix comments for #204
[SPARK-1403] Move the class loader creation back to where it was in 0.9.0

[SPARK-1403] I investigated why spark 0.9.0 loads fine on mesos while spark 1.0.0 fails. What I found was that in SparkEnv.scala, while creating the SparkEnv object, the current thread's classloader is null. But in 0.9.0, at the same place, it is set to org.apache.spark.repl.ExecutorClassLoader . I saw that https://github.com/apache/spark/commit/7edbea41b43e0dc11a2de156be220db8b7952d01 moved it to it current place. I moved it back and saw that 1.0.0 started working fine on mesos.

I just created a minimal patch that allows me to run spark on mesos correctly. It seems like SecurityManager's creation needs to be taken into account for a correct fix. Also moving the creation of the serializer out of SparkEnv might be a part of the right solution. PTAL.

Author: Bharath Bhushan <manku.timma@outlook.com>

Closes #322 from manku-timma/spark-1403 and squashes the following commits:

606c2b9 [Bharath Bhushan] Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into spark-1403
ec8f870 [Bharath Bhushan] revert the logger change for java 6 compatibility as PR 334 is doing it
728beca [Bharath Bhushan] Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into spark-1403
044027d [Bharath Bhushan] fix compile error
6f260a4 [Bharath Bhushan] Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into spark-1403
b3a053f [Bharath Bhushan] Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into spark-1403
04b9662 [Bharath Bhushan] add missing line
4803c19 [Bharath Bhushan] Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into spark-1403
f3c9a14 [Bharath Bhushan] Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' into spark-1403
42d3d6a [Bharath Bhushan] used code fragment from @ueshin to fix the problem in a better way
89109d7 [Bharath Bhushan] move the class loader creation back to where it was in 0.9.0
SPARK-1480: Clean up use of classloaders

The Spark codebase is a bit fast-and-loose when accessing classloaders and this has caused a few bugs to surface in master.

This patch defines some utility methods for accessing classloaders. This makes the intention when accessing a classloader much more explicit in the code and fixes a few cases where the wrong one was chosen.

case (a) -> We want the classloader that loaded Spark
case (b) -> We want the context class loader, or if not present, we want (a)

This patch provides a better fix for SPARK-1403 (https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-1403) than the current work around, which it reverts. It also fixes a previously unreported bug that the `./spark-submit` script did not work for running with `local` master. It didn't work because the executor classloader did not properly delegate to the context class loader (if it is defined) and in local mode the context class loader is set by the `./spark-submit` script. A unit test is added for that case.

Author: Patrick Wendell <pwendell@gmail.com>

Closes #398 from pwendell/class-loaders and squashes the following commits:

b4a1a58 [Patrick Wendell] Minor clean up
14f1272 [Patrick Wendell] SPARK-1480: Clean up use of classloaders
[SPARK-1415] Hadoop min split for wholeTextFiles()

JIRA issue [here](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-1415).

New Hadoop API of `InputFormat` does not provide the `minSplits` parameter, which makes the API incompatible between `HadoopRDD` and `NewHadoopRDD`. The PR is for constructing compatible APIs.

Though `minSplits` is deprecated by New Hadoop API, we think it is better to make APIs compatible here.

**Note** that `minSplits` in `wholeTextFiles` could only be treated as a *suggestion*, the real number of splits may not be greater than `minSplits` due to `isSplitable()=false`.

Author: Xusen Yin <yinxusen@gmail.com>

Closes #376 from yinxusen/hadoop-min-split and squashes the following commits:

76417f6 [Xusen Yin] refine comments
c10af60 [Xusen Yin] refine comments and rewrite new class for wholeTextFile
766d05b [Xusen Yin] refine Java API and comments
4875755 [Xusen Yin] add minSplits for WholeTextFiles
[BUGFIX] In-memory columnar storage bug fixes

Fixed several bugs of in-memory columnar storage to make `HiveInMemoryCompatibilitySuite` pass.

@rxin @marmbrus It is reasonable to include `HiveInMemoryCompatibilitySuite` in this PR, but I didn't, since it significantly increases test execution time. What do you think?

**UPDATE** `HiveCompatibilitySuite` has been made to cache tables in memory. `HiveInMemoryCompatibilitySuite` was removed.

Author: Cheng Lian <lian.cs.zju@gmail.com>
Author: Michael Armbrust <michael@databricks.com>

Closes #374 from liancheng/inMemBugFix and squashes the following commits:

6ad6d9b [Cheng Lian] Merged HiveCompatibilitySuite and HiveInMemoryCompatibilitySuite
5bdbfe7 [Cheng Lian] Revert 882c538 & 8426ddc, which introduced regression
882c538 [Cheng Lian] Remove attributes field from InMemoryColumnarTableScan
32cc9ce [Cheng Lian] Code style cleanup
99382bf [Cheng Lian] Enable compression by default
4390bcc [Cheng Lian] Report error for any Throwable in HiveComparisonTest
d1df4fd [Michael Armbrust] Remove test tables that might always get created anyway?
ab9e807 [Michael Armbrust] Fix the logged console version of failed test cases to use the new syntax.
1965123 [Michael Armbrust] Don't use coalesce for gathering all data to a single partition, as it does not work correctly with mutable rows.
e36cdd0 [Michael Armbrust] Spelling.
2d0e168 [Michael Armbrust] Run Hive tests in-memory too.
6360723 [Cheng Lian] Made PreInsertionCasts support SparkLogicalPlan and InMemoryColumnarTableScan
c9b0f6f [Cheng Lian] Let InsertIntoTable support InMemoryColumnarTableScan
9c8fc40 [Cheng Lian] Disable compression by default
e619995 [Cheng Lian] Bug fix: incorrect byte order in CompressionScheme.columnHeaderSize
8426ddc [Cheng Lian] Bug fix: InMemoryColumnarTableScan should cache columns specified by the attributes argument
036cd09 [Cheng Lian] Clean up unused imports
44591a5 [Cheng Lian] Bug fix: NullableColumnAccessor.hasNext must take nulls into account
052bf41 [Cheng Lian] Bug fix: should only gather compressibility info for non-null values
95b3301 [Cheng Lian] Fixed bugs in IntegralDelta
HOTFIX: Use file name and not paths for excludes
SPARK-1488. Resolve scalac feature warnings during build

For your consideration: scalac currently notes a number of feature warnings during compilation:

```
[warn] there were 65 feature warning(s); re-run with -feature for details
```

Warnings are like:

```
[warn] /Users/srowen/Documents/spark/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/SparkContext.scala:1261: implicit conversion method rddToPairRDDFunctions should be enabled
[warn] by making the implicit value scala.language.implicitConversions visible.
[warn] This can be achieved by adding the import clause 'import scala.language.implicitConversions'
[warn] or by setting the compiler option -language:implicitConversions.
[warn] See the Scala docs for value scala.language.implicitConversions for a discussion
[warn] why the feature should be explicitly enabled.
[warn]   implicit def rddToPairRDDFunctions[K: ClassTag, V: ClassTag](rdd: RDD[(K, V)]) =
[warn]                ^
```

scalac is suggesting that it's just best practice to explicitly enable certain language features by importing them where used.

This PR simply adds the imports it suggests (and squashes one other Java warning along the way). This leaves just deprecation warnings in the build.

Author: Sean Owen <sowen@cloudera.com>

Closes #404 from srowen/SPARK-1488 and squashes the following commits:

8598980 [Sean Owen] Quiet scalac warnings about language features by explicitly importing language features.
39bc831 [Sean Owen] Enable -feature in scalac to emit language feature warnings
SPARK-1374: PySpark API for SparkSQL

An initial API that exposes SparkSQL functionality in PySpark. A PythonRDD composed of dictionaries, with string keys and primitive values (boolean, float, int, long, string) can be converted into a SchemaRDD that supports sql queries.

```
from pyspark.context import SQLContext
sqlCtx = SQLContext(sc)
rdd = sc.parallelize([{"field1" : 1, "field2" : "row1"}, {"field1" : 2, "field2": "row2"}, {"field1" : 3, "field2": "row3"}])
srdd = sqlCtx.applySchema(rdd)
sqlCtx.registerRDDAsTable(srdd, "table1")
srdd2 = sqlCtx.sql("SELECT field1 AS f1, field2 as f2 from table1")
srdd2.collect()
```
The last line yields ```[{"f1" : 1, "f2" : "row1"}, {"f1" : 2, "f2": "row2"}, {"f1" : 3, "f2": "row3"}]```

Author: Ahir Reddy <ahirreddy@gmail.com>
Author: Michael Armbrust <michael@databricks.com>

Closes #363 from ahirreddy/pysql and squashes the following commits:

0294497 [Ahir Reddy] Updated log4j properties to supress Hive Warns
307d6e0 [Ahir Reddy] Style fix
6f7b8f6 [Ahir Reddy] Temporary fix MIMA checker. Since we now assemble Spark jar with Hive, we don't want to check the interfaces of all of our hive dependencies
3ef074a [Ahir Reddy] Updated documentation because classes moved to sql.py
29245bf [Ahir Reddy] Cache underlying SchemaRDD instead of generating and caching PythonRDD
f2312c7 [Ahir Reddy] Moved everything into sql.py
a19afe4 [Ahir Reddy] Doc fixes
6d658ba [Ahir Reddy] Remove the metastore directory created by the HiveContext tests in SparkSQL
521ff6d [Ahir Reddy] Trying to get spark to build with hive
ab95eba [Ahir Reddy] Set SPARK_HIVE=true on jenkins
ded03e7 [Ahir Reddy] Added doc test for HiveContext
22de1d4 [Ahir Reddy] Fixed maven pyrolite dependency
e4da06c [Ahir Reddy] Display message if hive is not built into spark
227a0be [Michael Armbrust] Update API links. Fix Hive example.
58e2aa9 [Michael Armbrust] Build Docs for pyspark SQL Api.  Minor fixes.
4285340 [Michael Armbrust] Fix building of Hive API Docs.
38a92b0 [Michael Armbrust] Add note to future non-python developers about python docs.
337b201 [Ahir Reddy] Changed com.clearspring.analytics stream version from 2.4.0 to 2.5.1 to match SBT build, and added pyrolite to maven build
40491c9 [Ahir Reddy] PR Changes + Method Visibility
1836944 [Michael Armbrust] Fix comments.
e00980f [Michael Armbrust] First draft of python sql programming guide.
b0192d3 [Ahir Reddy] Added Long, Double and Boolean as usable types + unit test
f98a422 [Ahir Reddy] HiveContexts
79621cf [Ahir Reddy] cleaning up cruft
b406ba0 [Ahir Reddy] doctest formatting
20936a5 [Ahir Reddy] Added tests and documentation
e4d21b4 [Ahir Reddy] Added pyrolite dependency
79f739d [Ahir Reddy] added more tests
7515ba0 [Ahir Reddy] added more tests :)
d26ec5e [Ahir Reddy] added test
e9f5b8d [Ahir Reddy] adding tests
906d180 [Ahir Reddy] added todo explaining cost of creating Row object in python
251f99d [Ahir Reddy] for now only allow dictionaries as input
09b9980 [Ahir Reddy] made jrdd explicitly lazy
c608947 [Ahir Reddy] SchemaRDD now has all RDD operations
725c91e [Ahir Reddy] awesome row objects
55d1c76 [Ahir Reddy] return row objects
4fe1319 [Ahir Reddy] output dictionaries correctly
be079de [Ahir Reddy] returning dictionaries works
cd5f79f [Ahir Reddy] Switched to using Scala SQLContext
e948bd9 [Ahir Reddy] yippie
4886052 [Ahir Reddy] even better
c0fb1c6 [Ahir Reddy] more working
043ca85 [Ahir Reddy] working
5496f9f [Ahir Reddy] doesn't crash
b8b904b [Ahir Reddy] Added schema rdd class
67ba875 [Ahir Reddy] java to python, and python to java
bcc0f23 [Ahir Reddy] Java to python
ab6025d [Ahir Reddy] compiling
SPARK-1426: Make MLlib work with NumPy versions older than 1.7

Currently it requires NumPy 1.7 due to using the copyto method (http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.copyto.html) for extracting data out of an array.
Replace it with a fallback

Author: Sandeep <sandeep@techaddict.me>

Closes #391 from techaddict/1426 and squashes the following commits:

d365962 [Sandeep] SPARK-1426: Make MLlib work with NumPy versions older than 1.7 Currently it requires NumPy 1.7 due to using the copyto method (http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.copyto.html) for extracting data out of an array. Replace it with a fallback
SPARK-1501: Ensure assertions in Graph.apply are asserted.

The Graph.apply test in GraphSuite had some assertions in a closure in
a graph transformation. As a consequence, these assertions never
actually executed.  Furthermore, these closures had a reference to
(non-serializable) test harness classes because they called assert(),
which could be a problem if we proactively check closure serializability
in the future.

This commit simply changes the Graph.apply test to collect the graph
triplets so it can assert about each triplet from a map method.

Author: William Benton <willb@redhat.com>

Closes #415 from willb/graphsuite-nop-fix and squashes the following commits:

0b63658 [William Benton] Ensure assertions in Graph.apply are asserted.
[SPARK-1157][MLlib] L-BFGS Optimizer based on Breeze's implementation.

This PR uses Breeze's L-BFGS implement, and Breeze dependency has already been introduced by Xiangrui's sparse input format work in SPARK-1212. Nice work, @mengxr !

When use with regularized updater, we need compute the regVal and regGradient (the gradient of regularized part in the cost function), and in the currently updater design, we can compute those two values by the following way.

Let's review how updater works when returning newWeights given the input parameters.

w' = w - thisIterStepSize * (gradient + regGradient(w))  Note that regGradient is function of w!
If we set gradient = 0, thisIterStepSize = 1, then
regGradient(w) = w - w'

As a result, for regVal, it can be computed by

    val regVal = updater.compute(
      weights,
      new DoubleMatrix(initialWeights.length, 1), 0, 1, regParam)._2
and for regGradient, it can be obtained by

      val regGradient = weights.sub(
        updater.compute(weights, new DoubleMatrix(initialWeights.length, 1), 1, 1, regParam)._1)

The PR includes the tests which compare the result with SGD with/without regularization.

We did a comparison between LBFGS and SGD, and often we saw 10x less
steps in LBFGS while the cost of per step is the same (just computing
the gradient).

The following is the paper by Prof. Ng at Stanford comparing different
optimizers including LBFGS and SGD. They use them in the context of
deep learning, but worth as reference.
http://cs.stanford.edu/~jngiam/papers/LeNgiamCoatesLahiriProchnowNg2011.pdf

Author: DB Tsai <dbtsai@alpinenow.com>

Closes #353 from dbtsai/dbtsai-LBFGS and squashes the following commits:

984b18e [DB Tsai] L-BFGS Optimizer based on Breeze's implementation. Also fixed indentation issue in GradientDescent optimizer.
Decision Tree documentation for MLlib programming guide

Added documentation for user to use the decision tree algorithms for classification and regression in Spark 1.0 release.

Apart from a general review, I need specific input on the following:
* I had to move a lot of the existing documentation under the *linear methods* umbrella to accommodate decision trees. I wonder if there is a better way to organize the programming guide given we are so close to the release.
* I have not looked closely at pyspark but I am wondering new mllib algorithms are automatically plugged in or do we need to some extra work to call mllib functions from pyspark. I will add to the pyspark examples based upon the advice I get.

cc: @mengxr, @hirakendu, @etrain, @atalwalkar

Author: Manish Amde <manish9ue@gmail.com>

Closes #402 from manishamde/tree_doc and squashes the following commits:

022485a [Manish Amde] more documentation
865826e [Manish Amde] minor: grammar
dbb0e5e [Manish Amde] minor improvements to text
b9ef6c4 [Manish Amde] basic decision tree code examples
6e297d7 [Manish Amde] added subsections
f427e84 [Manish Amde] renaming sections
9c0c4be [Manish Amde] split candidate
6925275 [Manish Amde] impurity and information gain
94fd2f9 [Manish Amde] more reorg
b93125c [Manish Amde] more subsection reorg
3ecb2ad [Manish Amde] minor text addition
1537dd3 [Manish Amde] added placeholders and some doc
d06511d [Manish Amde] basic skeleton
Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into insertIntoTable

Conflicts:
	sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/SchemaRDD.scala