Rewrite method resolution to be cleaner, more correct, and to lay
groundwork for better performance.

Key points:

- Separate out determining which method to use from actually selecting
  a method (this should enable caching, as well as the pcwalton fast-reject strategy).
- Merge the impl selection back into method resolution and don't rely on
  trait matching (this should perform better but also is needed to resolve some
  kind of conflicts, see e.g. `method-two-traits-distinguished-via-where-clause.rs`)
- Purge a lot of out-of-date junk and coercions from method lookups.
Substitute type/lifetimeInstatiate method type/early-bound lifetime parameters too when creating xform-self-type.

Fixes #18208.
Correct long line
Correct indentation
Port a simplified versions of pcwalton's "quick reject" mechanism for quickly throwing out method candidates. Yields a 40%-50% improvement in typechecking time as well as lowering peak memory use from 2.2GB to 1.8GB (due to creating fewer types).

Conflicts:
	src/librustc/driver/config.rs
	src/librustc/middle/ty.rs
	src/librustc/middle/typeck/check/method.rs
	src/librustc/middle/typeck/check/mod.rs
	src/librustc/middle/typeck/coherence/mod.rs
Use the quick reject mechanism during trait matching as well. Seems to
yield an incremental improvement (type-checking rustc drops from ~9s
to ~8s).
Fix merge conflicts from making enum variants namespaced.
auto merge of #18694 : nikomatsakis/rust/issue-18208-method-dispatch-2, r=nrc

This is a pretty major refactoring of the method dispatch infrastructure. It is intended to avoid gross inefficiencies and enable caching and other optimizations (e.g. #17995), though it itself doesn't seem to execute particularly faster yet. It also solves some cases where we were failing to resolve methods that we theoretically should have succeeded with.

Fixes #18674.

cc #18208
Remove Runtime trait and bookkeeping module

This commit removes most of the remaining runtime infrastructure related
to the green/native split. In particular, it removes the `Runtime` trait
and instead inlines the native implementation.

It also changes the semantics of Rust programs so that they exit when
the main thread terminates, rather than implicitly joining on all
running tasks.

Closes #17325

[breaking-change]
Remove libnative

With runtime removal complete, there's nothing left of libnative. This
commit removes it.

Fixes #18687

[breaking-change]
Remove libgreen

With runtime removal complete, there is no longer any reason to provide
libgreen.

[breaking-change]
Rewrite sync::mutex as thin layer over native mutexes

Previously, sync::mutex had to split between green and native runtime
systems and thus could not simply use the native mutex facility.

This commit rewrites sync::mutex to link directly to native mutexes; in
the future, the two will probably be coalesced into a single
module (once librustrt is pulled into libstd wholesale).
Fallout from libgreen and libnative removal
Make most of std::rt private

Previously, the entire runtime API surface was publicly exposed, but
that is neither necessary nor desirable. This commit hides most of the
module, using librustrt directly as needed. The arrangement will need to
be revisited when rustrt is pulled into std.

[breaking-change]
Fallout from new termination semantics
Fallout from namespaced enums