IR: Simplify uniquing for MDNode

Change uniquing from a `FoldingSet` to a `DenseSet` with custom
`DenseMapInfo`.  Unfortunately, this doesn't save any memory, since
`DenseSet<T>` is a simple wrapper for `DenseMap<T, char>`, but I'll come
back to fix that later.

I used the name `GenericDenseMapInfo` to the custom `DenseMapInfo` since
I'll be splitting `MDNode` into two classes soon: `MDNodeFwdDecl` for
temporaries, and `GenericMDNode` for everything else.

I also added a non-debug-info reduced version of a type-uniquing test
that started failing on an earlier draft of this patch.

Part of PR21532.