Reinstate r213348, reverted in r213395, with an additional bug fix and more
thorough tests.

Original commit message:

[modules] Fix macro hiding bug exposed if:

 * A submodule of module A is imported into module B
 * Another submodule of module A that is not imported into B exports a macro
 * Some submodule of module B also exports a definition of the macro, and
   happens to be the first submodule of B that imports module A.

In this case, we would incorrectly determine that A's macro redefines B's
macro, and so we don't need to re-export B's macro at all.

This happens with the 'assert' macro in an LLVM self-host. =(