std: Improve pipe() functionality

* os::pipe() now returns IoResult<os::Pipe>
* os::pipe() is now unsafe because it does not arrange for deallocation of file
  descriptors
* os::Pipe fields are renamed from input to reader and out to write.
* PipeStream::pair() has been added. This is a safe method to get a pair of
  pipes.
* Dealing with pipes in native process bindings have been improved to be more
  robust in the face of failure and intermittent errors. This converts a few
  fail!() situations to Err situations.

Closes #9458
cc #13538
Closes #14724
[breaking-change]
auto merge of #14781 : alexcrichton/rust/issue-14724, r=brson

* os::pipe() now returns `IoResult<os::Pipe>`
* os::pipe() is now unsafe because it does not arrange for deallocation of file
  descriptors
* PipeStream::pair() has been added. This is a safe method to get a pair of
  pipes.
* Dealing with pipes in native process bindings have been improved to be more
  robust in the face of failure and intermittent errors. This converts a few
  fail!() situations to Err situations.

cc #13538
Closes #14724
[breaking-change]