If a counter_cache exists, use it for #empty?
Fixed a regression introduced in 84cf156

84cf156 (PR #15694) introduced a subtle regression. There are actually three
distinct entry points to creating an AR object – via .new (i.e. #initialize),
via #init_with (e.g. from YAML or database queries) and via .allocate.

With the patch in 84cf156, attribute methods and respond_to? will not work
correctly when objects are allocated directly, without going through either

The reason this test case didn't catch the regression was that the `Topic`
class is shared between test cases, so by the time this test case is ran the
attribute methods are very likely to be defined.

Switching to use a fresh anonymous class in the test to ensure we surface this
problem in the future.
Move to_param to to_query, also Improve tests
Dont swallow errors when bad alias_method
remove Set.new from DetailsKey::get, impacts rendering overhead performance

Using ruby-prof, I noticed that Set#add had the largest 'self time'
percentage (5% of the overall time spent rendering) when
benchmarking the rendering of a small cached ERB template that was 3
lines long. It turns out it was from this line. I don't believe the
Set is necessary, either. Removing this line increases the rendering
ips using Benchmark::ips accordingly.
Stop using mocha on app_rails_loader_test
Stop using mocha on configuration_test
Set the application logger using configuration
Stop using mocha on console_test
Begin refactoring ThroughReflection

This allows us to decouple AssociationReflection and
ThroughReflection making ThroughReflection it's own Reflection
bucket in a way. The benefit of this is to be able to remove
checks against the macro's symbol for exmaple `macro == :belongs_to`.

Get all tests passing again

Some of the methods that used to be inherited from MacroReflection
through AssociationReflection were no longer getting passed through.
They needed to be duplicated into the ThroughReflection. I will
extract these out into a separate class.

Refactor shared methods into strategy object

Now that we've separated ThroughReflection and AssociationReflection
we can combine shared methods into one class to avoid duplication.

Break out class for each type of reflection

This creates a class for each reflection type (has_many, has_one,
belongs_to and habtm). We then can remove the need to set the macro
symbol in each initialization.

Tests were updated to reflect these changes because creation of
these reflections is now different.

Remove need for @collection instance var

We now define `collection?` as `false` by default and set it to
`true` in `has_and_belongs_to_many` and `has_many` reflections.
This removes the need for the `@collection` instance variable.

Raise exception on unknown macro types

We shouldn't accept just any macro when creating reflections. An
unrecongnized AssociationReflection raises an error. Tests in
`reflection_test` were updated to reflect these new changes.
`:has_and_belongs_to_many` macro tests were removed because we no
longer internally return HABTM.
Dump PostgreSQL primary key with custom function as a default.

For example, if use pgcrypto extension in PostgreSQL 9.4 beta 1, where
uuid-ossp extension isn't available for moment of writing, and thus to
use a gen_random_uuid() method as a primary key default.

In this case schema dumper wasn't able to correctly reconstruct
create_table statement and lost primary key constraint on schema load.

Fixes #16111.
AttributeSet#include? -> AttributeSet#key?

https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/15868/files#r14135210
Add ability to extend `rails server` command options parser

With this change it will be possible to add additional options to the `option_parser` like this:

    require 'rails/commands/server'
    module Rails
      class Server < ::Rack::Server
        class Options
          def option_parser_with_open(options)
            parser = option_parser_without_open options
            parser.on('-o', '--open', 'Open in default browser') { options[:open] = true }
            parser
          end
          alias_method_chain :option_parser, :open
        end

        def start_with_open
          start_without_open do
            `open http://localhost:3000` if options[:open]
          end
        end
        alias_method_chain :start, :open
      end
    end
Fix typos like `a html` to `an html` and 'an mail' to 'an email'. [ci skip]
Merge pull request #16155 from mechanicles/fix-typos

[ci skip] Fix typos like `a html` to `an html` and 'an mail' to 'an email'.
Format pass on 4.2 release notes [ci skip]

*   Leave two blank lines between sections/packages for readibility.

*   Always indent bullet points with four spaces. This allows multi-paragraph
    points to align properly (see #16103), and it is the same as the format we
    already use in CHANGELOGs. Doing this consistently sets an easy precedent
    for future contributors to follow.

*   Always put the PR/commit link on its own line in the source. If the bullet
    point spans multiple paragraphs, put it on its own paragraph at the end.

[Godfrey Chan & Juanito Fatas]
[ci skip] Little bit doc code improvement.
Merge pull request #16156 from mechanicles/document-improvement

[ci skip] Improve documentation consistency for ActiveModel::Errors
Merge pull request #16127 from Envek/fix_16111

Dump PostgreSQL primary key with custom function as a default.
Treat invalid uuid as nil