Add code example to std::os::getenv for unix.
travis: Prevent timeouts with travis_wait

The most frequent failure for our travis builds is running into the timeout
limits when building the compiler itself. Building librustc takes a very long
amount of time, often hitting the 10 minutes with no output threshold that
travis imposes on us.

This commit switches the relevant `make` step to being wrapped in the
`travis_wait` command [1]. This command will print something once a minute so as
to not time out a build.

This will hopefully enable us to have fewer flaky builds on travis!

[1]: http://docs.travis-ci.com/user/build-timeouts/
Fixed weird grammar in lifetimes guide.
relicense shootout-meteor.rs

part of #14248, fix #14420

Removed @richo's contribution (outdated comment)

Quoting @brson: let's move forward with this one. The only
statement I'm missing is @richo's and it sounds like his was a
minor patch.
Update AUTHORS.txt
Adding examples and possible failures for getcwd.

For both window and unix platforms.
Remove a warning  (./configure: 1140: [: unexpected operator) when built with --disable-manage-submodules
Improve documentation on std::os::env.
std: Recreate a `collections` module

As with the previous commit with `librand`, this commit shuffles around some
`collections` code. The new state of the world is similar to that of librand:

* The libcollections crate now only depends on libcore and liballoc.
* The standard library has a new module, `std::collections`. All functionality
  of libcollections is reexported through this module.

I would like to stress that this change is purely cosmetic. There are very few
alterations to these primitives.

There are a number of notable points about the new organization:

* std::{str, slice, string, vec} all moved to libcollections. There is no reason
  that these primitives shouldn't be necessarily usable in a freestanding
  context that has allocation. These are all reexported in their usual places in
  the standard library.

* The `hashmap`, and transitively the `lru_cache`, modules no longer reside in
  `libcollections`, but rather in libstd. The reason for this is because the
  `HashMap::new` contructor requires access to the OSRng for initially seeding
  the hash map. Beyond this requirement, there is no reason that the hashmap
  could not move to libcollections.

  I do, however, have a plan to move the hash map to the collections module. The
  `HashMap::new` function could be altered to require that the `H` hasher
  parameter ascribe to the `Default` trait, allowing the entire `hashmap` module
  to live in libcollections. The key idea would be that the default hasher would
  be different in libstd. Something along the lines of:

      // src/libstd/collections/mod.rs

      pub type HashMap<K, V, H = RandomizedSipHasher> =
            core_collections::HashMap<K, V, H>;

  This is not possible today because you cannot invoke static methods through
  type aliases. If we modified the compiler, however, to allow invocation of
  static methods through type aliases, then this type definition would
  essentially be switching the default hasher from `SipHasher` in libcollections
  to a libstd-defined `RandomizedSipHasher` type. This type's `Default`
  implementation would randomly seed the `SipHasher` instance, and otherwise
  perform the same as `SipHasher`.

  This future state doesn't seem incredibly far off, but until that time comes,
  the hashmap module will live in libstd to not compromise on functionality.

* In preparation for the hashmap moving to libcollections, the `hash` module has
  moved from libstd to libcollections. A previously snapshotted commit enables a
  distinct `Writer` trait to live in the `hash` module which `Hash`
  implementations are now parameterized over.

  Due to using a custom trait, the `SipHasher` implementation has lost its
  specialized methods for writing integers. These can be re-added
  backwards-compatibly in the future via default methods if necessary, but the
  FNV hashing should satisfy much of the need for speedier hashing.

A list of breaking changes:

* HashMap::{get, get_mut} no longer fails with the key formatted into the error
  message with `{:?}`, instead, a generic message is printed. With backtraces,
  it should still be not-too-hard to track down errors.

* The HashMap, HashSet, and LruCache types are now available through
  std::collections instead of the collections crate.

* Manual implementations of hash should be parameterized over `hash::Writer`
  instead of just `Writer`.

[breaking-change]
Fallout from the libcollections movement
auto merge of #14538 : alexcrichton/rust/libcollections, r=brson

As with the previous commit with `librand`, this commit shuffles around some
`collections` code. The new state of the world is similar to that of librand:

* The libcollections crate now only depends on libcore and liballoc.
* The standard library has a new module, `std::collections`. All functionality
  of libcollections is reexported through this module.

I would like to stress that this change is purely cosmetic. There are very few
alterations to these primitives.

There are a number of notable points about the new organization:

* std::{str, slice, string, vec} all moved to libcollections. There is no reason
  that these primitives shouldn't be necessarily usable in a freestanding
  context that has allocation. These are all reexported in their usual places in
  the standard library.

* The `hashmap`, and transitively the `lru_cache`, modules no longer reside in
  `libcollections`, but rather in libstd. The reason for this is because the
  `HashMap::new` contructor requires access to the OSRng for initially seeding
  the hash map. Beyond this requirement, there is no reason that the hashmap
  could not move to libcollections.

  I do, however, have a plan to move the hash map to the collections module. The
  `HashMap::new` function could be altered to require that the `H` hasher
  parameter ascribe to the `Default` trait, allowing the entire `hashmap` module
  to live in libcollections. The key idea would be that the default hasher would
  be different in libstd. Something along the lines of:

      // src/libstd/collections/mod.rs

      pub type HashMap<K, V, H = RandomizedSipHasher> =
            core_collections::HashMap<K, V, H>;

  This is not possible today because you cannot invoke static methods through
  type aliases. If we modified the compiler, however, to allow invocation of
  static methods through type aliases, then this type definition would
  essentially be switching the default hasher from `SipHasher` in libcollections
  to a libstd-defined `RandomizedSipHasher` type. This type's `Default`
  implementation would randomly seed the `SipHasher` instance, and otherwise
  perform the same as `SipHasher`.

  This future state doesn't seem incredibly far off, but until that time comes,
  the hashmap module will live in libstd to not compromise on functionality.

* In preparation for the hashmap moving to libcollections, the `hash` module has
  moved from libstd to libcollections. A previously snapshotted commit enables a
  distinct `Writer` trait to live in the `hash` module which `Hash`
  implementations are now parameterized over.

  Due to using a custom trait, the `SipHasher` implementation has lost its
  specialized methods for writing integers. These can be re-added
  backwards-compatibly in the future via default methods if necessary, but the
  FNV hashing should satisfy much of the need for speedier hashing.

A list of breaking changes:

* HashMap::{get, get_mut} no longer fails with the key formatted into the error
  message with `{:?}`, instead, a generic message is printed. With backtraces,
  it should still be not-too-hard to track down errors.

* The HashMap, HashSet, and LruCache types are now available through
  std::collections instead of the collections crate.

* Manual implementations of hash should be parameterized over `hash::Writer`
  instead of just `Writer`.

[breaking-change]
auto merge of #14641 : darnuria/rust/add_documentation_to_std_os, r=alexcrichton

Just opening a pull request for adding code examples and documentation to std::os.

More to come soon.
auto merge of #14653 : alexcrichton/rust/travis-opt, r=cmr

The most frequent failure for our travis builds is running into the timeout
limits when building the compiler itself. Building librustc takes a very long
amount of time, often hitting the 10 minutes with no output threshold that
travis imposes on us.

This commit switches the relevant `make` step to being wrapped in the
`travis_wait` command [1]. This command will print something once a minute so as
to not time out a build.

This will hopefully enable us to have fewer flaky builds on travis!

[1]: http://docs.travis-ci.com/user/build-timeouts/
auto merge of #14664 : reem/rust/lifetimes-guide-grammar, r=brson

Removed strange fragment-like thing in the intro.
auto merge of #14669 : TeXitoi/rust/relicense-shootout-meteor, r=brson

part of #14248, fix #14420

Removed @richo's contribution (outdated comment)

Quoting @brson: let's move forward with this one. The only
statement I'm missing is @richo's and it sounds like his was a
minor patch.
Fix documentation for `slice()`

Fixes https://github.com/mozilla/rust/issues/14577
Document BigInt's new and from_slice methods

Fixes https://github.com/mozilla/rust/issues/14639
Change to_str().to_string() to just to_str()
auto merge of #14667 : aochagavia/rust/pr2, r=huonw
auto merge of #14668 : aochagavia/rust/pr3, r=alexcrichton

Closes https://github.com/mozilla/rust/issues/14577
Closes https://github.com/mozilla/rust/issues/14639