Add request state updating functionality to API

WIP

Adds a new `update_state` method to the API that uses the existing API key mechanism to send a status update to a request created via an external API request. Intended usage - foi-register end-users confirming whether the information they requested has been disclosed ([the parallel work on foi-register can be found here](https://github.com/mysociety/foi-register/tree/issues/169-ask-user-to-confirm-request-state)). Status description mismatches should be handled on the foi-register side but unexpected status values are rejected with a 500 error by the API.

Adds an optional parameter to the pre-existing `add_correspondence` API method to allow it to update status (intended use - updates from a public body) if a `state` value is supplied. Again, the foi-register code is responsible for handling state description mismatches but in this case the API deals with erroneous data by ignoring that part of the request.

Apologies for having restructured `api_controller_spec` but I kept losing track of which API methods the various tests were targeting. I will be happy to change it back before finalising the Pull Request if I've caused trouble.
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Subject: Re: [alaveteli] Add request state updating functionality to API
 (#1631)
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>  
> -        new_request.public_body_id.should == public_bodies(:geraldine_public_body).id
> -        new_request.info_request_events.size.should == 1
> -        new_request.info_request_events[0].event_type.should == 'sent'
> -        new_request.info_request_events[0].calculated_state.should == 'waiting_response'
> -    end
> +        it 'should return a JSON 404 error for non-existent requests' do
> +            request_id = '123459876'
> +            InfoRequest.stub(:find_by_id).with(request_id).and_return(nil)
> +            sent_at = "2012-05-28T12:35:39+01:00"

Prefer single-quoted strings when you don't need string interpolation or special symbols.

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<p>In spec/controllers/api_controller_spec.rb:</p>
<pre style='color:#555'>&gt;  
&gt; -        new_request.public_body_id.should == public_bodies(:geraldine_public_body).id
&gt; -        new_request.info_request_events.size.should == 1
&gt; -        new_request.info_request_events[0].event_type.should == &#39;sent&#39;
&gt; -        new_request.info_request_events[0].calculated_state.should == &#39;waiting_response&#39;
&gt; -    end
&gt; +        it &#39;should return a JSON 404 error for non-existent requests&#39; do
&gt; +            request_id = &#39;123459876&#39;
&gt; +            InfoRequest.stub(:find_by_id).with(request_id).and_return(nil)
&gt; +            sent_at = &quot;2012-05-28T12:35:39+01:00&quot;
</pre>
<p>Prefer single-quoted strings when you don't need string interpolation or special symbols.</p>

<p style="font-size:small;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;color:#666;">&mdash;<br>Reply to this email directly or <a href="https://github.com/mysociety/alaveteli/pull/1631/files#r14195104">view it on GitHub</a>.<img alt="" height="1" src="https://github.com/notifications/beacon/510285__eyJzY29wZSI6Ik5ld3NpZXM6QmVhY29uIiwiZXhwaXJlcyI6MTcxOTMzMDkzMywiZGF0YSI6eyJpZCI6MzUzMTE5NzR9fQ==--38e242918d02663d98fcbcf62c53b88f022bc654.gif" width="1" /></p>
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