CMessageHeader sanity changes

- Remove spurious `pchCommand[1] = 1` in CMessageHeader()
- Make sure that pchCommand is zero-padded if length is shorter than
  COMMAND_SIZE
- Use strnlen to determine length of pcmCommand in GetCommand
Write fee estimate and peers files only when initialized

Fixes #4669.

Move the loading of addresses to StartNode() to make it more
self-contained.
Reserve only one network specific cached path per session
Remove CBaseChainParams::NetworkID()
Use ModifyCoins instead of mutable GetCoins.

Replace the mutable non-copying GetCoins method with a ModifyCoins, which
returns an encapsulated iterator, so we can keep track of concurrent
modifications (as iterators can be invalidated by those) and run cleanup
code after a modification is finished.

This also removes the overloading of the 'GetCoins' name.
Get rid of CCoinsView's SetCoins and SetBestBlock.

All direct modifications are now done through ModifyCoins, and BatchWrite is
used for pushing batches of queued modifications up, so we don't need the
low-level SetCoins and SetBestBlock anymore in the top-level CCoinsView class.
Do not keep fully spent but unwritten CCoins entries cached.

Instead of storing CCoins entries directly in CCoinsMap, store a CCoinsCacheEntry
which additionally keeps track of whether a particular entry is:
* dirty: potentially different from its parent view.
* fresh: the parent view is known to not have a non-pruned version.

This allows us to skip non-dirty cache entries when pushing batches of changes up,
and to remove CCoins entries about transactions that are fully spent before the
parent cache learns about them.
Add coins_tests with a large randomized CCoinViewCache test.
Get rid of the dummy CCoinsViewCache constructor arg
Do merkle root and txid duplicates check simultaneously

Move the txid duplicates check into BuildMerkleTree, where it can be done
much more efficiently (without needing to build a full txid set to detect
duplicates).

The previous version (using the std::set<uint256> to detect duplicates) was
also slightly too weak. A block mined with actual duplicate transactions
(which is invalid, due to the inputs of the duplicated transactions being
seen as double spends) would trigger the duplicates logic, resulting in the
block not being stored on disk, and rerequested. This change fixes that by
only triggering in the case of duplicated transactions that can actually
result in an identical merkle root.
minor variable init changes in init.cpp

- explicit init of pcoinsdbview and pwalletMain (even if not needed, as
  globals are init to NULL, it seems cleaner)
- remove check if (pwalletMain) in Shutdown() as delete is valid even if
  pwalletMain is NULL
qt: add proxy to options overridden if necessary.

If proxy is disabled in the gui but enabled via the command line, it needs to
be added to the override list.
Use a typedef for monetary values
doc: Add instructions for consistent Mac OS X build names
Switch testing framework from MAIN to new UNITTEST network

UNITTEST inherites from MAIN but allows synamically changing its parameters using the ModifiableParams() interface
Suggested corrections on comments, variable names.
Also new test case testing the PoW skip in UNITTEST.
Avoid introducing a virtual into CChainParams

Treat fSkipProofOfWorkCheck the same as other parameters.
osx: fix signing to make Gatekeeper happy (again)

The approach from 65f3fa8d1 worked for signing on 10.9.4, but not newer
versions. 10.9.5 (and up) want each framework to stand alone.

Now in addition to copying the plist's from Qt for each framework, we put them
in per-version dirs and only symlink to the latest, rather than using symlinks
for any contents.
Fix formatting in  init.md
depends: update the comparison tool to a more recent version