Merge some numeric traits with Real and don't re-export RealExt

The methods contained in `std::num::{Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential, Hyperbolic}` have now been moved into `std::num::Real`. This is part of an ongoing effort to simplify `std::num` (see issue #10387).

`std::num::RealExt` has also been removed from the prelude because it is not a commonly used trait.