Add a `repeat` function to the prelude

Implements a part of RFC 235.

[breaking-change]
DSTify ToCStr
DOC: improves the str type explanation

Closes #18449
First stage of enum namespacing changes
Add lint for checking exceeding bitshifts #17713
auto merge of #18457 : japaric/rust/tocstr, r=alexcrichton

Methods that used to take `ToCStr` implementors by value, now take them by reference. In particular, this breaks some uses of `Command`:

``` rust
Command::new("foo");  // Still works
Command::new(path) -> Command::new(&path)
cmd.arg(string) -> cmd.arg(&string) or cmd.arg(string.as_slice())
```

[breaking-change]

---

It may be sensible to remove `impl ToCstr for String` since:
- We're getting `impl Deref<str> for String`, so `string.to_cstr()` would still work
- `Command` methods would still be able to use `cmd.arg(string[..])` instead of `cmd.arg(&string)`.

But, I'm leaving that up to the library stabilization process.

r? @aturon 
cc #16918
libserialize: tuple-arity should be provided to `Decoder::read_tuple`

Currently `Decoder` implementations are not provided the tuple arity as
a parameter to `read_tuple`. This forces all encoder/decoder combos to
serialize the arity along with the elements. Tuple-arity is always known
statically at the decode site, because it is part of the type of the
tuple, so it could instead be provided as an argument to `read_tuple`,
as it is to `read_struct`.

The upside to this is that serialized tuples could become smaller in
encoder/decoder implementations which choose not to serialize type
(arity) information. For example, @TyOverby's
[binary-encode](https://github.com/TyOverby/binary-encode) format is
currently forced to serialize the tuple-arity along with every tuple,
despite the information being statically known at the decode site.

A downside to this change is that the tuple-arity of serialized tuples
can no longer be automatically checked during deserialization. However,
for formats which do serialize the tuple-arity, either explicitly (rbml)
or implicitly (json), this check can be added to the `read_tuple` method.

The signature of `Deserialize::read_tuple` and
`Deserialize::read_tuple_struct` are changed, and thus binary
backwards-compatibility is broken. This change does *not* force
serialization formats to change, and thus does not break decoding values
serialized prior to this change.

[breaking-change]
Tuple deserialization should not fail
collections: Remove all collections traits

As part of the collections reform RFC, this commit removes all collections
traits in favor of inherent methods on collections themselves. All methods
should continue to be available on all collections.

This is a breaking change with all of the collections traits being removed and
no longer being in the prelude. In order to update old code you should move the
trait implementations to inherent implementations directly on the type itself.

Note that some traits had default methods which will also need to be implemented
to maintain backwards compatibility.

[breaking-change]
cc #18424
auto merge of #18474 : alexcrichton/rust/no-more-traits, r=aturon

As part of the collections reform RFC, this commit removes all collections
traits in favor of inherent methods on collections themselves. All methods
should continue to be available on all collections.

This is a breaking change with all of the collections traits being removed and
no longer being in the prelude. In order to update old code you should move the
trait implementations to inherent implementations directly on the type itself.

Note that some traits had default methods which will also need to be implemented
to maintain backwards compatibility.

[breaking-change]
cc #18424
auto merge of #17595 : danburkert/rust/tuple-index-deserialization, r=alexcrichton

Currently `Decoder` implementations are not provided the tuple arity as
a parameter to `read_tuple`. This forces all encoder/decoder combos to
serialize the arity along with the elements. Tuple-arity is always known
statically at the decode site, because it is part of the type of the
tuple, so it could instead be provided as an argument to `read_tuple`,
as it is to `read_struct`.

The upside to this is that serialized tuples could become smaller in
encoder/decoder implementations which choose not to serialize type
(arity) information. For example, @TyOverby's
[binary-encode](https://github.com/TyOverby/binary-encode) format is
currently forced to serialize the tuple-arity along with every tuple,
despite the information being statically known at the decode site.

A downside to this change is that the tuple-arity of serialized tuples
can no longer be automatically checked during deserialization. However,
for formats which do serialize the tuple-arity, either explicitly (rbml)
or implicitly (json), this check can be added to the `read_tuple` method.

The signature of `Deserialize::read_tuple` and
`Deserialize::read_tuple_struct` are changed, and thus binary
backwards-compatibility is broken. This change does *not* force
serialization formats to change, and thus does not break decoding values
serialized prior to this change.

[breaking-change]
bubble up out-of-memory errors from liballoc

This makes the low-level allocation API suitable for use cases where
out-of-memory conditions need to be handled.

Closes #18292

[breaking-change]
DSTify BytesContainer
Remove unnecessary allocations
auto merge of #18481 : sfackler/rust/enum-namespace, r=pcwalton

After a snapshot, everything can be switched over and the small bit of hackery in resolve dealing with `ENUM_STAGING_HACK` can be removed.

cc #18478
auto merge of #18406 : thestinger/rust/oom, r=cmr

This makes the low-level allocation API suitable for use cases where
out-of-memory conditions need to be handled.

Closes #18292

[breaking-change]
Add error module with Error and FromError traits

As per [RFC 70](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/active/0070-error-chaining.md)

Closes #17747

Note that the `error` module must live in `std` in order to refer to `String`.

Note that, until multidispatch lands, the `FromError` trait cannot be
usefully implemented outside of the blanket impl given here.
auto merge of #18456 : gamazeps/rust/issue18449, r=thestinger

Made the fact that rodata is a section of the executable more explicit
Closes #18449
Add Error impls to a few key error types
Add type annotation to deal with fallout