Re-add link time optimization on OS X

In the new version of clang, -O4 does not imply -flto, so we set the
flag
Further work in pos_is_ok()

No functional change.
Use legal positions for endgame initialization

During endgame initialization we get the material
hash key of each endgame forging and ad-hoc position
that in same cases is illegal (leaves teh king under
capture). This is not a problem for the material key,
but rises an assert when SF is run in debug mode with
'testKingCapture' set in pos_is_ok().

So rewrite the code to always produce legal positions.

No functional change.
Depth dependant aspiration window delta

Split delta value in aspiration window so that when
search depth is less than 24 a smaller delta value
is used. The idea is that the search is likely to
be more accurate at lower depths and so we can exclude
more possibilities, 25% to be exact.

Passed STC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94, 2.94) [-1.50, 4.50]
Total: 20430 W: 3775 L: 3618 D: 13037

And LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94, 2.94) [0.00, 6.00]
Total: 5032 W: 839 L: 715 D: 3478

Bench: 7451319
Microptimize castling in undo_move()

We don't need to set 'captured' and 'pt' after we
castle back.

No functional change.
Merge default tests in pos_is_ok

No functional change.
Remove "Max Threads per Split Point" UCI option

Experimental patch to verify if drop of nps
in endgames at very long TC is due to this.

Suggested by Ronald de Man.

bench: 7451319
Split also if no slaves are found

Because we test for available slaves before
entering split(), we almost always allocate a
slave, only in the rare case of a race (less
then 2% of cases) this is not true, but to
special case this occurrence is not worth
the added complexity.

bench: 7451319
Fix a crash under MSVC

Using memset on a std::vector is undefined behavior,
so manually init all the data memebers of LimitsType.

Bug intorduced in 41641e3b1eea0038ab6984

No functional change.
Increase max threads to 128

Thanks to std::bitset we can easily increase
the limit of active threads above 64.

Thanks to Lucas Braesch for pointing at the
correct solution of using std::bitset.

No functional change.
Fix a typo

Spotted by Isaac Haïk Dunn.

No functional change.
Fix a subtle bug in UCI options printing

We want all the UCI options are printed in the order in which are
assigned, so we use an index that, depending on Options.size(),
increases after each option is added to the map. The problem is
that, for instance, in the first assignment:

o["Write Debug Log"] = Option(false, on_logger);

Options.size() can value 0 or 1 according if the l-value (that
increments the size) has been evaluated after or before the
r-value (that uses the size value).

The culprit is that assignment operator in C++ is not a
sequence point:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_point

(Note: to be nitpick here we actually use std::map::operator=()
 that being a function can evaluate its arguments in any order)

So there is no guarantee on what term is evaluated first and
behavior is undefined by standard in this case. The net result
is that in case r-value is evaluated after l-value the last
idx is not size() - 1, but size() and in the printing loop
we miss the last option!

Bug was there since ages but only recently has been exposed by
the removal of UCI_Analyze option so that the last one becomes
UCI_Chess960 and when it is missing engine cannot play anymore
Chess960.

The fix is trivial (although a bit hacky): just increase the
last loop index.

Reported by Eric Mullins that found it on an ARM and MIPS
platforms with gcc 4.7

No functional change.
Retire operator|(File f, Rank r)

Use make_square() instead. Less fancy but
more clear.

No functional change.
Trivial formatting in ucioption.cpp

No functional change.
Rename score to value in ExtMove

We use 'score' for the value mid-endgame pair.

No functional change.
Refresh TT entries generation automatically on probe

And other assorted simplifications, tested with SPRT[-3, 1]

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 18814 W: 3600 L: 3475 D: 11739

And long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 20731 W: 3217 L: 3096 D: 14418

No functional change.
Retire last usage of operator|(File f, Rank r)

This for some reason was missed.

No functional change.
Fix an incorrect 'friend' declaration

Spotted by Lee David.

No functional change.
Introduce penalty for weak (=unsupported) pawns.

We add a penalty for each pawn which is not protected by another pawn
of the same color.

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 12107 W: 2411 L: 2272 D: 7424

And long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 9204 W: 1605 L: 1458 D: 6141

bench: 7682173
Simplify TT replace strategy

Tested for no-regression with SPRT[-3, 1] at STC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 32046 W: 6020 L: 5918 D: 20108

No functional change.