sync, sync/atomic: do not corrupt race detector after a nil dereference.

The race detector uses a global lock to analyze atomic
operations. A panic in the middle of the code leaves the
lock acquired.

Similarly, the sync package may leave the race detectro
inconsistent when methods are called on nil pointers.

R=golang-dev, r, minux.ma, dvyukov, rsc, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://codereview.appspot.com/7981043