Implement support for indicating the stability of items.

There are 6 new compiler recognised attributes: deprecated, experimental,
unstable, stable, frozen, locked (these levels are taken directly from
Node's "stability index"[1]). These indicate the stability of the
item to which they are attached; e.g. `#[deprecated] fn foo() { .. }`
says that `foo` is deprecated.

This comes with 3 lints for the first 3 levels (with matching names) that
will detect the use of items marked with them (the `unstable` lint
includes items with no stability attribute). The attributes can be given
a short text note that will be displayed by the lint. An example:

    #[warn(unstable)]; // `allow` by default

    #[deprecated="use `bar`"]
    fn foo() { }

    #[stable]
    fn bar() { }

    fn baz() { }

    fn main() {
        foo(); // "warning: use of deprecated item: use `bar`"

        bar(); // all fine

        baz(); // "warning: use of unmarked item"
    }

The lints currently only check the "edges" of the AST: i.e. functions,
methods[2], structs and enum variants. Any stability attributes on modules,
enums, traits and impls are not checked.

[1]: http://nodejs.org/api/documentation.html
[2]: the method check is currently incorrect and doesn't work.
auto merge of #8921 : huonw/rust/stability, r=brson

Significant progress on #6875, enough that I'll open new bugs and turn that into a metabug when this lands.

Description & example in the commit message.