Convert some C functions to rust functions

Right now on linux, an empty executable with LTO still depends on librt becaues
of the clock_gettime function in rust_builtin.o, but this commit moves this
dependency into a rust function which is subject to elimination via LTO.

At the same time, this also drops libstd's dependency on librt on unices that
are not OSX because the library is only used by extra::time (and now the
dependency is listed in that module instead).