Do not prune useless checks in QS

Passed both SPRT tests in "simplification mode", so with
elo0: -3.00 alpha: 0.05 elo1: 3.00 beta: 0.05

Short TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 6243 W: 1302 L: 1195 D: 3746

Long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 22972 W: 4124 L: 4020 D: 14828

bench: 4633330
Union of 2 changes

Union of

- LMR >= 3 plies from Gary tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/522522960ebc595d328fcafd

- allows() tweak from Reuven tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/5225fa1c0ebc595d328fcb53

Both passed Step I and failed Step II.

Instead this union passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 14525 W: 3063 L: 2874 D: 8588

And long TC
LLR: 2.94 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 31075 W: 5566 L: 5308 D: 20201

bench: 4238160
Singular extension at 8 plies also for PV nodes

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 11451 W: 2455 L: 2282 D: 6714

And long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 15813 W: 2907 L: 2723 D: 10183

bench: 3864419
Fix warning: double to float truncation

MSVC 2013 says:
warning C4305: '*=' : truncation from 'double' to 'float'

No functional change.
Remove unreachable values in mobility table

The possible maximum mobility cardinality (plus one in case of
zero squares available) is:

- Knights: max. 8  squares -> max. 9  entries
- Bishops: max. 13 squares -> max. 14 entries
- Rooks:   max. 14 squares -> max. 15 entries
- Queen:   max. 27 squares -> max. 28 entries

So remove the extra entries in the table.

Spotted by Dariusz Orzechowski.

No functional change.
Move draw by material check

It is more natural to test this case among
others material distributions.

No functional change.
Fix some comments in position.cpp

No functional change.
Change condition to use relative rank

No functional change
More readable space mask

No functional change.
Fix random moves when time < 10ms

In case we have less then 10ms to think as soon as
we wake up the timer, it immediately fires and calls
check_time() where due to condition:

elapsed > TimeMgr.maximum_time() - 2 * TimerResolution

the stop flag is set and search returns immediately, without
actually search anything.

Here the somewhat hacky fix is to start the timer after
at least one iteration as been completed.

No functional change.
Simplify unstoppable pawns evaluation

No functional change
Extend checks more in losing positions

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.98 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 3974 W: 860 L: 741 D: 2373

And long TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 16807 W: 2917 L: 2733 D: 11157

bench: 3767999
Extend checks more when below alpha

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 8739 W: 1830 L: 1698 D: 5211

And long TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 6716 W: 1238 L: 1101 D: 4377

bench: 4554576
Revert "Fix random moves when time < 10ms"

Possible regression.

No functional change.
Revert "Move draw by material check"

Possible regression

bench: 4554579
Increase passed bonus for having more pieces

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 36463 W: 7575 L: 7365 D: 21523

And long TC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 2953 W: 564 L: 446 D: 1943

bench: 3846852
Small touches to bitbase.cpp

Inspired by Lucas's code:

https://github.com/lucasart/chess/blob/master/src/kpk.cc

No functional change.
Move classify_leaf() to c'tor in bitbases

No functional change.
Don't blunder under extreme time pressure

We always attempt to keep at least this emergencyBaseTime
at clock. But if available time is very low it means that
we will force ourself to play immediately to satisfy the
emergencyBaseTime constrain and so leading to blunders.

Patch is good at short and very short TC (15secs and 5secs respectively)
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 26590 W: 5426 L: 5245 D: 15919

LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 5767 W: 1397 L: 1268 D: 3102

Instead seems has no influence at longer TC (60 secs)
LLR: -2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 79862 W: 13623 L: 13339 D: 52900

So it is committed to have a broader testing but is
to be consider still EXPERIMENTAL and can be reverted
easily.

No functional change.
Fix operator++ definition

ENABLE_OPERATORS_ON has incorrect definitions of
post-increment and post-decrement operators.

In particularly the returned value is the variable
already incremented/decremented, while instead they
should return the variable _before_ inc/dec.

This has no real effect because are only used in loops
and where the returned value is never used, neverthless
it is wrong. The fix would be to copy the variable to a
dummy, then inc/dec the variable, then return the dummy.

So instead, rename to pre-increment that can be implemented
without the dummy, actually the current implementation
it is already the correct pre-increment, with the only change
to return a reference (an l-value) and not a copy, so
to properly mimic the pre-increment on native integers.

Spotted by Kojirion.

No functional change.