Adding Back Rails::Engine::Railties#engines

Removing it breaks functionality with gems such as Thinking Sphinx.
This restores it with a deprecation warning. Closes #8551
slices less, reads better
resistance is futile
Duplicate possible frozen string from route

Ruby 1.9 freezes Hash string keys by default so where a route is
defined like this:

  get 'search' => 'search'

then the Mapper will derive the action from the key. This blows up
later when the action is added to the parameters hash and the
encoding is forced.

Closes #3429
Refactored transaction state into its own object. Each transaction creates a new transaction state object upon initialization.
Merge pull request #9011 from wangjohn/activerecord_transaction_state

Refactored TransactionState into its own class
document how to create custom rails environments
Merge pull request #9019 from senny/doc_custom_rails_env

document how to create custom rails environments
copy-edits 7e6e4f2 [ci skip]

Capitalization in the title of the section, enumerates the environments
in the usual order, adds a paragraph, and tries to use less "you"s.
Fix asset_path in mounted engine

Historically serving assets from a mountable engine could be achieved by
running ActionDispatch::Static as a part of engine middleware stack or
to copy assets prefixed with an engine name. After introduction of
assets pipeline this is not needed as all of the assets are served or
compiled into main application's assets.

This commit removes the obsolete line making asset_path always generate
paths relative to the root or config.relative_url_root if it's set.

(closes #8119)
Missing repair_validations
Reset table_name_{prefix,suffix}, and table_name after each test

because some tests were not resetting them, and thus the tests were order dependent
Ignore "SHOW search_path" when counting PostgreSQL queries
Be sure to clear schema cache
Ignore schema queries on SQLite 3 as well
Preload some join table schemas
Make sure to reset default_url_options
Merge pull request #9021 from drogus/fix-asset-path

Fix asset_path in mounted engine
Update actionpack's CHANGELOG for 445f14e
Capture block so content won't leak.

The [following pull request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/8916) fixed
the block being passed to the appropriate helper method. However, the content
being passed into the block is generating repeated markup on the page due to
some weird ERb evaluation.

This commit tries to capture the block's generated output so the page isn't
flooded with markup.

[Rafael França + José Mota]

Closes #8936