rustpkg: Implement URL-like package IDs

r? @brson This patch implements package IDs like
github.com/catamorphism/test-pkg.

To support such package IDs, I changed the PkgId struct to contain
a LocalPath and a RemotePath field, where the RemotePath reflects
the actual URL and the LocalPath reflects the file name of the cached
copy. Right now, the only difference is that the local path doesn't
contain dashes, but this will change when we implement #6407.

Also, PkgIds now have a short_name field -- though the short name
can be derived from the LocalPath, I thought it was cleaner not to
call option::get() wantonly.