Synchronous memory appends and more fine-grained storage locks.

This does two things:

1) Make TieredStorage.AppendSamples() write directly to memory instead of
   buffering to a channel first. This is needed in cases where a rule might
   immediately need the data generated by a previous rule.

2) Replace the single storage mutex by two new ones:
   - memoryMutex - needs to be locked at any time that two concurrent
                   goroutines could be accessing (via read or write) the
                   TieredStorage memoryArena.
   - memoryDeleteMutex - used to prevent any deletion of samples from
                         memoryArena as long as renderView is running and
                         assembling data from it.
   The LevelDB disk storage does not need to be protected by a mutex when
   rendering a view since renderView works off a LevelDB snapshot.

The rationale against adding memoryMutex directly to the memory storage: taking
a mutex does come with a small inherent time cost, and taking it is only
required in few places. In fact, no locking is required for the memory storage
instance which is part of a view (and not the TieredStorage).
Merge pull request #232 from prometheus/optimize/granular-storage-locking

Synchronous memory appends and more fine-grained storage locks.