Adhere to telemetry schema 0.0.2

* The schema and version of telemetry data is exposed through the
  Content-Type header instead of through a custom HTTP Header.

See [Prometheus Client Data Exposition Format][1] for more details.

[1]: https://docs.google.com/a/soundcloud.com/document/d/1ZjyKiKxZV83VI9ZKAXRGKaUKK2BIWCT7oiGBKDBpjEY/edit#heading=h.wnviarbnyxcj
Fix race conditions in metric methods

Methods which expect to use a mutex must be defined for the pointer
value, because mutexes are not copyable.
Rename test helper files to helpers_test.go

This ensures that these files are properly included only in testing.

[Fixes #10]
Extract core Prometheus value decoders.

Bernerd had suggested extracting the value decoders and bundling them
into the client library.  After some reflection, I tend to agree with
this, since we can start breaking the onion of Prometheus itself and
localize the protocol management into its own scope.

A couple of major changes since moving:

- Protocol 0.0.2 has moved to a struct{} so that our tests can perform
  value matching, which cannot be done against function literals.

- Processing now acquires options to dictate behavioral changes of
  metrics bodies.

- Processing no longer closes the stream, thusly returning this to the
  hands of the caller.

- Process() has been renamed to ProcessSingle to better convey that it
  works on complete message bodies.  This paves the way for better
  streaming payload support that the next API version will offer.