cc: delegate cpp to the real tool, not compiler

Fixes #21527.
Experimental support for non-Apple GCCs
Implement fails_with for non-Apple compilers

This adds support for non-Apple GCC compilers in the fails_with code.
A fails_with block for a non-Apple compiler looks like:

fails_with :gcc => '4.8.1' do
  cause 'Foo'
end

Non-Apple compilers don't have build numbers, so compiler failures are
based on version strings instead.

Internally non-Apple compilers can be distinguished because they are
passed around as strings instead of symbols.

In addition, this alters the priority list for compilers, with the
following changes:

* Apple GCC 4.2 and LLVM-GCC swap positions, with GCC now taking
  priority. (Maybe LLVM-GCC should just go away.)
* Non-Apple GCC compilers are ranked below GCC 4.2 but above LLVM-GCC
  and Apple GCC 4.0.
Move Tab creation into build process

The parent process doesn't have access to the selected compiler, which
will be important in the next commit.

Fortunately the child process already has a filtered and massaged
ARGV, so it has enough information to build the tab itself.
Tab: track C++ stdlib in use

There are subtle incompatibilities between Apple's libstdc++ and the
libstdc++ used by the various GNU GCC formulae. In addition, we'll
likely also be supporting libc++ in the future, and that's also
incompatible with the other stdlibs.

Tracking it in the tab lets us make sure that dependencies are all
built against the same stdlib to avoid subtle breakage.
Check dependencies for a compatible C++ stdlib

There are now a few possible C++ standard libraries a given build could
be using, with subtle incompatibilities and possibility of breakage
when mixed. This makes sure that the dependency chain was compiled in
a compatible manner.

Fortunately all of the Apple compilers use the same libstdc++, and we
don't yet support building with libc++, so this will primarily only
nag users trying to use GNU gcc who already have software installed
with Apple compilers.

Future TODOs:

* Add general support for building with libc++ (compatibility checking
  already handled here)
* Possibly track formulae which actually build C++ bindings, so that
  users aren't bothered by spurious nagging re: interpreted languages,
  pure-C software, etc.
Stdlib: provide default values in .for_tab

Legacy tabs didn't record stdlib or compiler information, so we need to
invent dummy information for those.