Report pg_hba line number and contents when users fail to log in

Instead of just reporting which user failed to log in, log both the
line number in the active pg_hba.conf file (which may not match reality
in case the file has been edited and not reloaded) and the contents of
the matching line (which will always be correct), to make it easier
to debug incorrect pg_hba.conf files.

The message to the client remains unchanged and does not include this
information, to prevent leaking security sensitive information.

Reviewed by Tom Lane and Dean Rasheed
Support writable foreign tables.

This patch adds the core-system infrastructure needed to support updates
on foreign tables, and extends contrib/postgres_fdw to allow updates
against remote Postgres servers.  There's still a great deal of room for
improvement in optimization of remote updates, but at least there's basic
functionality there now.

KaiGai Kohei, reviewed by Alexander Korotkov and Laurenz Albe, and rather
heavily revised by Tom Lane.
Band-aid for regression test expected-results problem with timestamptz.

We probably need to tell the remote server to use specific timezone and
datestyle settings, and maybe other things.  But for now let's just hack
the postgres_fdw regression test to not provoke failures when run in
non-EST5EDT environments.  Per buildfarm.
pg_basebackup: Add missing newlines to several error messages
pg_ctl: Adjust nls.mk for split out of wait_error.c
doc: Add note about checkpoint_warning vs checkpoint_timeout

suggested by Tianyin Xu
JSON generation improvements.

This adds the following:

    json_agg(anyrecord) -> json
    to_json(any) -> json
    hstore_to_json(hstore) -> json (also used as a cast)
    hstore_to_json_loose(hstore) -> json

The last provides heuristic treatment of numbers and booleans.

Also, in json generation, if any non-builtin type has a cast to json,
that function is used instead of the type's output function.

Andrew Dunstan, reviewed by Steve Singer.

Catalog version bumped.
Fix thinko in matview patch.

"break" instead of "continue" suppressed view expansion for views appearing
later in the range table.  Per report from Erikjan Rijkers.

While at it, improve the associated comment a bit.
Avoid generating bad remote SQL for INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES.

"INSERT INTO foo() VALUES ()" is invalid syntax, so don't do that.
Fix postgres_fdw's issues with inconsistent interpretation of data values.

For datatypes whose output formatting depends on one or more GUC settings,
we have to worry about whether the other server will interpret the value
the same way it was meant.  pg_dump has been aware of this hazard for a
long time, but postgres_fdw needs to deal with it too.  To fix data
retrieval from the remote server, set the necessary remote GUC settings at
connection startup.  (We were already assuming that settings made then
would persist throughout the remote session.)  To fix data transmission to
the remote server, temporarily force the relevant GUCs to the right values
when we're about to convert any data values to text for transmission.

This is all pretty grotty, and not very cheap either.  It's tempting to
think of defining one uber-GUC that would override any settings that might
render printed data values unportable.  But of course, older remote servers
wouldn't know any such thing and would still need this logic.

While at it, revert commit f7951eef89be78c50ea2241f593d76dfefe176c9, since
this provides a real fix.  (The timestamptz given in the error message
returned from the "remote" server will now reliably be shown in UTC.)
Avoid row-processing-order dependency in postgres_fdw regression test.

A test intended to provoke an error on the remote side was coded in such
a way that multiple rows should be updated, so the output would vary
depending on which one was processed first.  Per buildfarm.
Fix orthotypographical mistake

Apparently I lost some of the edits I had done on this page for commit
0ac5ad5134.

Per note from Etsuro Fujita, although I didn't use his patch.

Make some of the wording in the affected section a bit more complete,
too.
Allow default expressions to be attached to columns of foreign tables.

There's still some discussion about exactly how postgres_fdw ought to
handle this case, but there seems no debate that we want to allow defaults
to be used for inserts into foreign tables.  So remove the core-code
restrictions that prevented it.

While at it, get rid of the special grammar productions for CREATE FOREIGN
TABLE, and instead add explicit FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED error checks for the
disallowed cases.  This makes the grammar a shade smaller, and more
importantly results in much more intelligible error messages for
unsupported cases.  It's also one less thing to fix if we ever start
supporting constraints on foreign tables.
Fix contrib/postgres_fdw's handling of column defaults.

Adopt the position that only locally-defined defaults matter.  Any defaults
defined in the remote database do not affect insertions performed through
a foreign table (unless they are for columns not known to the foreign
table).  While it'd arguably be more useful to permit remote defaults to be
used, making that work in a consistent fashion requires far more work than
seems possible for 9.3.
Fix documentation oversight.

Mention that PlanForeignModify's result must be copiable by copyObject.
Introduce less-bogus handling of collations in contrib/postgres_fdw.

Treat expressions as being remotely executable only if all collations used
in them are determined by Vars of the foreign table.  This means that, if
the foreign server gets different answers than we do, it's the user's fault
for not having marked the foreign table columns with collations equivalent
to the remote table's.  This rule allows most simple expressions such as
"var < 'constant'" to be sent to the remote side, because the constant
isn't determining the collation (the Var's collation would win).  There's
still room for improvement, but it's hard to see how to do it without a
lot more knowledge and/or assumptions about what the remote side will do.
Fix bug in dumping prior releases due to MV REFRESH dependency checking.

Reports and suggested patches from Fujii Masao and Andrew Dunstan.

Andrew Dunstan
Add regression tests for XML mapping of domains

Pavel Stěhule
Add cost estimation of range @> and <@ operators.

The estimates are based on the existing lower bound histogram, and a new
histogram of range lengths.

Bump catversion, because the range length histogram now needs to be present
in statistic slot kind 6, or you get an error on @> and <@ queries. (A
re-ANALYZE would be enough to fix that, though)

Alexander Korotkov, with some refactoring by me.
Change the way UESCAPE is lexed, to reduce the size of the flex tables.

The error rule used to avoid backtracking with the U&'...' UESCAPE 'x'
syntax bloated the flex tables, so refactor that. This patch makes the error
rule shorter, by introducing a new exclusive flex state that's entered after
parsing U&'...'. This shrinks the postgres binary by about 220kB.