reflection no longer uses enteringPhase and friends

Mentioned methods mutate the global `atPhaseStack` variable, which can
easily lead to imbalances and, ultimately, to the empty stack error.

Luckily for us, there's only one dummy phase, SomePhase, which is used
by runtime reflection, so there is absolutely zero need to invoke atPhase
in non-compiler reflexive universes.

The cleanest solution would be to override `atPhase` for runtime reflection,
but it's @inline final, so I didn't want to pay performance penalties for
something that's used three times in runtime reflection (during unpickling, in
reflection-specific completers and in `Symbol.typeParams/unsafeTypeParams`).

Therefore I added overrideable analogues of `atPhase` and `atPhaseNotLaterThan`
which are called from the aforementioned code shared between the compiler and
runtime reflection. I also had to duplicate the code of `Symbol.XXXtypeParams`
(only in SynchronizedSymbols, not in normal Symbols) again due to those
methods being very performance-sensitive.
cleans up initialization of runtime reflection

At first I just tried to remove syntheticCoreClasses from missingHook
and put them into the initializer of freshly created mirrors in order to
reduce the non-determinism in mutations of the global symbol table.

And then it didn't work, crashing on me claiming that AnyRef is missing.
Apparently we still need AnyRefClass in missingHook, just because it's
impossible to initialize (i.e. unpickle) ScalaPackageClass without it.

And then it still didn't work, whining about multiple overloaded defs
of some synthetic symbols. That was really tricky, but I figured it out
as well by initializing ScalaPackageClass first before forcing any
synthetic symbols (see the details in comments).
introduces GIL to Scala reflection

On a serious note, I feel really uncomfortable about having to juggle
this slew of locks. Despite that I can't immediately find a deadlock,
I'm 100% sure there is one hiding in the shadows. Hence, I'm abandoning
all runtime reflection locks in favor of a single per-universe one.
optimizes Scala reflection GIL

First of all, GIL should only apply to runtime reflection, because noone
is going to run toolboxes in multiple threads: a) that's impossible, b/c
the compiler isn't thread safe, b) ToolBox api prevents that.

Secondly, the only things in symbols which require synchronization are:
1) info/validTo (completers aren't thread-safe),
2) rawInfo and its dependencies (it shares a mutable field with info)
3) non-trivial caches like in typeAsMemberOfLock

If you think about it, other things like sourceModule or associatedFile
don't need synchronization, because they are either set up when a symbol
is created or cloned or when it's completed. The former is obviously safe,
while the latter is safe as well, because before acquiring init-dependent
state of symbols, the compiler calls `initialize`, which is synchronized.

We can say that symbols can be in four possible states: 1) being created,
2) created, but not yet initialized, 3) initializing, 4) initialized.
Of those only #3 is dangerous and needs protection, which is what this
commit does.
SI-7045 reflection now auto-initializes selfType

selfType joins the happy family of flags, annotations and privateWithin,
which automatically trigger initialization, when used within runtime
reflection.
synchronizes toolboxes

We don't guarantee thread-safety of the front end, but everything else
looks good now.
synchronizes pendingVolatiles

Called from isVolatile, which is called from isStable, which is a part
of the public reflection API.
synchronizes names

Previously we didn't have all possible name creation facilities covered
with locks, so some of them silently misbehaved and caused much grief:
http://groups.google.com/group/scala-internals/browse_thread/thread/ec1d3e2c4bcb000a.

This patch gets all the name factories under control. Unfortunately it
comes at a performance cost, which has to be evaluated.
removes the assertion in missingHook

In the current synchronization scheme multiple threads can enter the
missingHook trying to materialize a package, which hasn't been created.

That's fine, because makeScalaPackage, which creates and enters package
symbols is synchronized and checks whether the creation is necessary
before commencing. Therefore even if makeScalaPackage is called multiple
times in rapid succession, the calls will be serialized and all calls
except the first one won't do anything.
runtime reflection: death from thousand threads

not anymore
thread locals instead of locks for vars in Types.scala
replaces locks over numbers with AtomicIntegers
OMG need to synchronize Symbols.recursionTable