Moved all numeric modules in core into own directory

Reason: Better grouping of related modules, future-proving for a more extensive math library.
Added Round trait to core
Added ToStrRadix and FromStrRadix traits
Added char::from_digit(), char::is_digit_radix() and an argument check to char::to_digit().
Added some generic number functions to core::num

Also fixes previous commit not compiling due to not finding Option.
Added generic string <-> number conversion functions to core::num.

They unify the different implementations that exists in int-template.rs, uint-template.rs and float.rs into one pair of functions, which are also in principle usable for anything that implements the necessary numeric traits. Their usage is somewhat complex due to the large amount of arguments each one takes, but as they're not meant to be used directly that shouldn't be a problem.
Converted libcore/int-template.rs to the new string functions.

- Moved ToStr implementation of integers to int-template.rs.
- Marked the `str()` function as deprecated.
- Forwarded all conversion functions to `core::num::to_str_common()`
  and `core::num::from_str_common()`.
- Fixed most places in the codebase where `to_str()` is being used.
- Added int-template to_str and from_str overflow tests.
Converted libcore/uint-template.rs to the new string functions.

- Moved ToStr implementation of unsigned integers to uint-template.rs.
- Marked the `str()` function as deprecated.
- Forwarded all conversion functions to `core::num::to_str_common()`
  and `core::num::from_str_common()`.
- Fixed most places in the codebase where `to_str()` is being used.
- Added uint-template to_str and from_str overflow tests.
Fixed tests still using old integer to_str
Fixed integer tests
Converted the floating point types to the new string conversion functions.

Also fixed all conflicting calls of the old functions in the rest of the codebase.

The set of string conversion functions for each float type now consists of those items:
- to_str(), converts to number in base 10
- to_str_hex(), converts to number in base 16
- to_str_radix(), converts to number in given radix
- to_str_exact(), converts to number in base 10 with a exact number of trailing digits
- to_str_digits(), converts to number in base 10 with a maximum number of trailing digits
- implementations for to_str::ToStr and num::ToStrRadix
- from_str(), parses a string as number in base 10 including decimal exponent and special values
- from_str_hex(), parses a string as a number in base 16 including binary exponent and special values
- from_str_radix(), parses a string as a number in a given base excluding any exponent and special values
- implementations for from_str::FromStr and num::FromStrRadix
Removed wrong/wip doc
Fixed `fmt!`, tests, doc-tests.
Fixed errors resulting from rebase.
Solved float, f32 and f64 `to_str_radix()` special value ambiguity.

Calling it on a special value now causes a failure, however `to_str_radix_special()` is provided which can be
used if those values are expected, and which returns a tupel to allow differentating them.
Add Marvin Löbel to AUTHORS