ao_pulse: move format setup code
audio: add channel map selection function

The point is selecting a minimal fallback. The AOs will call this
through the AO API, so it will be possible to add options affecting
the general channel layout selection.

It provides the following mechanism to AOs:
- forcing the correct channel order
- downmixing to stereo if no layout is available
- allow 5.1 <-> 5.1(side) fallback

This is quite weak and lots of code/complexity for little gain. All AOs
already made sure the channel order was correct, and the fallback is of
little value, and could perhaps be done in the frontend instead, like
stereo downmixing with --channels=2 is handled. But I'm not really sure
how this stuff should _really_ work, and the new code will hopefully
provides enough flexibility to make radical changes to channel layout
negotiation easier.
audio/out: channel map selection

Make all AOs use what has been introduced in the previous commit.

Note that even AOs which can handle all possible layouts (like ao_null)
use the new functions. This might be important if in the future
ao_select_champ() possibly honors global user options about downmixing
and so on.
ao_alsa: set fallback if format unknown

The snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format() call actually crashes in alsa-lib if
called with SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN, so the already existing fallback
code won't work in this case.
audio: add double sample format

To make this easier, get rid of the direct mapping of the
AF_FORMAT_BITS_MASK bit field to number of bytes. This way we can throw
away the unused AF_FORMAT_48BIT and don't have to add ..._56BIT.