Allow parallel copy/link in pg_upgrade

This patch implements parallel copying/linking of files by tablespace
using the --jobs option in pg_upgrade.
Don't attempt to write recovery.conf when -R is not specified

Fixes segmentation fault during regular use.

Fujii Masao
Properly install ecpg_compat and pgtypes libraries on msvc

JiangGuiqing
Detect Windows perl linkage parameters in configure script.

This means we can now construct a configure test for the library
presence. Previously these parameters were only figured out at
build time in plperl's GnuMakefile.
Add explicit configure-time checks for perl.h and libperl.so.

Although most platforms seem to package Perl in such a way that these files
are present even in basic Perl installations, Debian does not.  Hence, make
an effort to fail during configure rather than build if --with-perl was
given and these files are lacking.  Per gripe from Josh Berkus.
Test linking libperl.so using only Perl's required libraries.

It appears that perl_embed_ldflags should already mention all the libraries
that are required by libperl.so itself.  So let's try the test link with
just those and not the other LIBS we've found up to now.  This should
more nearly reproduce what will happen when plperl is linked, and perhaps
will fix buildfarm member okapi's problem.
Last-gasp attempt to save libperl.so configure probe.

I notice that plperl's makefile adds the -I for $perl_archlibexp/CORE
at the end of CPPFLAGS not the beginning.  It seems somewhat unlikely
that the include search order has anything to do with why buildfarm
member okapi is failing, but I'm about out of other ideas.
Redesign the planner's handling of index-descent cost estimation.

Historically we've used a couple of very ad-hoc fudge factors to try to
get the right results when indexes of different sizes would satisfy a
query with the same number of index leaf tuples being visited.  In
commit 21a39de5809cd3050a37d2554323cc1d0cbeed9d I tweaked one of these
fudge factors, with results that proved disastrous for larger indexes.
Commit bf01e34b556ff37982ba2d882db424aa484c0d07 fudged it some more,
but still with not a lot of principle behind it.

What seems like a better way to address these issues is to explicitly model
index-descent costs, since that's what's really at stake when considering
diferent indexes with similar leaf-page-level costs.  We tried that once
long ago, and found that charging random_page_cost per page descended
through was way too much, because upper btree levels tend to stay in cache
in real-world workloads.  However, there's still CPU costs to think about,
and the previous fudge factors can be seen as a crude attempt to account
for those costs.  So this patch replaces those fudge factors with explicit
charges for the number of tuple comparisons needed to descend the index
tree, plus a small charge per page touched in the descent.  The cost
multipliers are chosen so that the resulting charges are in the vicinity of
the historical (pre-9.2) fudge factors for indexes of up to about a million
tuples, while not ballooning unreasonably beyond that, as the old fudge
factor did (even more so in 9.2).

To make this work accurately for btree indexes, add some code that allows
extraction of the known root-page height from a btree.  There's no
equivalent number readily available for other index types, but we can use
the log of the number of index pages as an approximate substitute.

This seems like too much of a behavioral change to risk back-patching,
but it should improve matters going forward.  In 9.2 I'll just revert
the fudge-factor change.
Extend and improve use of EXTRA_REGRESS_OPTS.

This is now used by ecpg tests, and not clobbered by pg_upgrade
tests. This change won't affect anything that doesn't set this
environment variable, but will enable the buildfarm to control
exactly what port regression test installs will be running on,
and thus to detect possible rogue postmasters more easily.

Backpatch to release 9.2 where EXTRA_REGRESS_OPTS was first used.
Improve handling of ereport(ERROR) and elog(ERROR).

In commit 71450d7fd6c7cf7b3e38ac56e363bff6a681973c, we added code to inform
suitably-intelligent compilers that ereport() doesn't return if the elevel
is ERROR or higher.  This patch extends that to elog(), and also fixes a
double-evaluation hazard that the previous commit created in ereport(),
as well as reducing the emitted code size.

The elog() improvement requires the compiler to support __VA_ARGS__, which
should be available in just about anything nowadays since it's required by
C99.  But our minimum language baseline is still C89, so add a configure
test for that.

The previous commit assumed that ereport's elevel could be evaluated twice,
which isn't terribly safe --- there are already counterexamples in xlog.c.
On compilers that have __builtin_constant_p, we can use that to protect the
second test, since there's no possible optimization gain if the compiler
doesn't know the value of elevel.  Otherwise, use a local variable inside
the macros to prevent double evaluation.  The local-variable solution is
inferior because (a) it leads to useless code being emitted when elevel
isn't constant, and (b) it increases the optimization level needed for the
compiler to recognize that subsequent code is unreachable.  But it seems
better than not teaching non-gcc compilers about unreachability at all.

Lastly, if the compiler has __builtin_unreachable(), we can use that
instead of abort(), resulting in a noticeable code savings since no
function call is actually emitted.  However, it seems wise to do this only
in non-assert builds.  In an assert build, continue to use abort(), so that
the behavior will be predictable and debuggable if the "impossible"
happens.

These changes involve making the ereport and elog macros emit do-while
statement blocks not just expressions, which forces small changes in
a few call sites.

Andres Freund, Tom Lane, Heikki Linnakangas
Update comments for elog_start().

Forgot I was going to do this as part of the previous patch ...
Make spelling more uniform
Prevent very-low-probability PANIC during PREPARE TRANSACTION.

The code in PostPrepare_Locks supposed that it could reassign locks to
the prepared transaction's dummy PGPROC by deleting the PROCLOCK table
entries and immediately creating new ones.  This was safe when that code
was written, but since we invented partitioning of the shared lock table,
it's not safe --- another process could steal away the PROCLOCK entry in
the short interval when it's on the freelist.  Then, if we were otherwise
out of shared memory, PostPrepare_Locks would have to PANIC, since it's
too late to back out of the PREPARE at that point.

Fix by inventing a dynahash.c function to atomically update a hashtable
entry's key.  (This might possibly have other uses in future.)

This is an ancient bug that in principle we ought to back-patch, but the
odds of someone hitting it in the field seem really tiny, because (a) the
risk window is small, and (b) nobody runs servers with maxed-out lock
tables for long, because they'll be getting non-PANIC out-of-memory errors
anyway.  So fixing it in HEAD seems sufficient, at least until the new
code has gotten some testing.
Remove spurious space

Andres Freund
Add new timezone abbrevation "FET".

This seems to have been invented in 2011 to represent GMT+3, non daylight
savings rules, as now used in Europe/Kaliningrad and Europe/Minsk.
There are no conflicts so might as well add it to the Default list.
Per bug #7804 from Ruslan Izmaylov.
Reject out-of-range dates in to_date().

Dates outside the supported range could be entered, but would not print
reasonably, and operations such as conversion to timestamp wouldn't behave
sanely either.  Since this has the potential to result in undumpable table
data, it seems worth back-patching.

Hitoshi Harada
Fix obsolete SQL syntax in comment.

This was legal back in the days of add_missing_from, though perhaps
never good style.  It's not legal anymore ...

Jan Urbański
Return value of lseek() can be negative on failure.

Because the return value of lseek() was assigned to an unsigned size_t
variable, we'd fail to notice an error return code -1. Compiler gave a
warning about this.

Andres Freund
Fix hash_update_hash_key() to handle same-bucket case correctly.

Original coding would corrupt the hashtable if the item being updated was
at the end of its bucket chain and the new hash key hashed to that same
bucket.  Diagnosis and fix by Heikki Linnakangas.
Give a proper error message if connecting to incompatible server.

The WAL streaming message format changed in 9.3, so 9.3 pg_basebackup or
pg_receivelog won't work against older servers.