Fix check for bishop pair in material imbalance

Prefer pos.bishop_pair() to pos.count<BISHOP>(WHITE) > 1
because the first checks that the two bishops are on
different color squares.

Although the change seems to kick in only in very rare cases,
quite surprisingly it was able to pass SPRT test at short TC.

LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 39818 W: 8174 L: 7956 D: 23688

bench: 3453941
Rewrite backward pawn detection

Use the new backmost_sq() instead of a loop.

No functional change.
Revert "Fix check for bishop pair in material imbalance"

Idea is sound but implementation is partial. Ryan and Joona noticed that
    we leave an hole in material table. Also we got another report by an user
    of an odd behaviour. Namely, if you start stockfish and from the prompt
    give 'bench' you get 3453941, then if you run again bench you get 3453940.

    The reason is that two different positions with the same number of pieces,
    but one with a bishop pair and another without have the same material key.
    But after Eelco patch also different material imbalance and this yields
    to this issue.

    Restesting at long TC shows the patch does not really contribute at
    ELO improvement. Actually patch failed at long TC.

    LLR: -2.97 (-2.94,2.94)
    Total: 23109 W: 4104 L: 4092 D: 14913

    So revert.

    bench: 3453945
Do not prune useless checks in QS

Passed both SPRT tests in "simplification mode", so with
elo0: -3.00 alpha: 0.05 elo1: 3.00 beta: 0.05

Short TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 6243 W: 1302 L: 1195 D: 3746

Long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 22972 W: 4124 L: 4020 D: 14828

bench: 4633330
Union of 2 changes

Union of

- LMR >= 3 plies from Gary tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/522522960ebc595d328fcafd

- allows() tweak from Reuven tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/5225fa1c0ebc595d328fcb53

Both passed Step I and failed Step II.

Instead this union passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 14525 W: 3063 L: 2874 D: 8588

And long TC
LLR: 2.94 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 31075 W: 5566 L: 5308 D: 20201

bench: 4238160
Singular extension at 8 plies also for PV nodes

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 11451 W: 2455 L: 2282 D: 6714

And long TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 15813 W: 2907 L: 2723 D: 10183

bench: 3864419
Fix warning: double to float truncation

MSVC 2013 says:
warning C4305: '*=' : truncation from 'double' to 'float'

No functional change.
Remove unreachable values in mobility table

The possible maximum mobility cardinality (plus one in case of
zero squares available) is:

- Knights: max. 8  squares -> max. 9  entries
- Bishops: max. 13 squares -> max. 14 entries
- Rooks:   max. 14 squares -> max. 15 entries
- Queen:   max. 27 squares -> max. 28 entries

So remove the extra entries in the table.

Spotted by Dariusz Orzechowski.

No functional change.
Move draw by material check

It is more natural to test this case among
others material distributions.

No functional change.
Fix some comments in position.cpp

No functional change.
Change condition to use relative rank

No functional change
More readable space mask

No functional change.
Fix random moves when time < 10ms

In case we have less then 10ms to think as soon as
we wake up the timer, it immediately fires and calls
check_time() where due to condition:

elapsed > TimeMgr.maximum_time() - 2 * TimerResolution

the stop flag is set and search returns immediately, without
actually search anything.

Here the somewhat hacky fix is to start the timer after
at least one iteration as been completed.

No functional change.
Simplify unstoppable pawns evaluation

No functional change
Extend checks more in losing positions

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.98 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 3974 W: 860 L: 741 D: 2373

And long TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 16807 W: 2917 L: 2733 D: 11157

bench: 3767999
Extend checks more when below alpha

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 8739 W: 1830 L: 1698 D: 5211

And long TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 6716 W: 1238 L: 1101 D: 4377

bench: 4554576
Revert "Fix random moves when time < 10ms"

Possible regression.

No functional change.
Revert "Move draw by material check"

Possible regression

bench: 4554579
Increase passed bonus for having more pieces

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 36463 W: 7575 L: 7365 D: 21523

And long TC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 2953 W: 564 L: 446 D: 1943

bench: 3846852
Small touches to bitbase.cpp

Inspired by Lucas's code:

https://github.com/lucasart/chess/blob/master/src/kpk.cc

No functional change.