Represent C-like enums with a plain LLVM integer, not a struct.

This is needed so that the FFI works as expected on platforms that don't
flatten aggregates the way the AMD64 ABI does, especially for `#[repr(C)]`.

This moves more of `type_of` into `trans::adt`, because the type might
or might not be an LLVM struct.

Closes #10308.