(#19742) Raise exceptions generated during report processing

This commit has the report processor raise exceptions it receives
while processing reports.

Before this commit, the report processor catches exceptions raised
during report processing and logs them, but does not pass them up
to whatever called them.

This does have the side effects of producing two error messages during a failed report submission from a puppet master, and causing a 400 error to be displayed by the agent, since other parts of puppet will catch this error. If someone knows a better way to do this than just raising the exception again, I would really appreciate suggestions.