res_ari_channels: Add ring operation, dtmf operation, hangup reasons, and tweak early media.

The ring operation sends ringing to the specified channel it is invoked on.
The dtmf operation can be used to send DTMF digits to the specified channel
of a specific length with a wait time in between. Finally hangup reasons
allow you to specify why a channel is being hung up (busy, congestion).

Early media behavior has also been tweaked slightly. When playing media to a channel
it will no longer automatically answer. If it has not been answered a progress indication
is sent instead.

(closes issue ASTERISK-22701)
Reported by: Matt Jordan

Review: https://reviewboard.asterisk.org/r/2916/
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Merged revisions 402358 from http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/branches/12


git-svn-id: http://svn.asterisk.org/svn/asterisk/trunk@402359 f38db490-d61c-443f-a65b-d21fe96a405b