debugger: make busy loops SIGUSR1-interruptible

Two most excellent changes here:

```
Commit 30e5366 ("core: Use a uv_signal for debug listener") changed
SIGUSR1 handling from a signal handler to libuv's uv_signal_*()
functionality to fix a race condition (and possible hang) in the
signal handler.

While a good change in itself, it made it impossible to interrupt
long running scripts.  When a script is stuck in a busy loop, control
never returns to the event loop, which in turn means the signal
callback - and therefore the debugger - is never invoked.

This commit changes SIGUSR1 handling back to a normal signal handler
but one that treads _very_ carefully.
```

And:

```
Before this commit, the SIGUSR1 signal handler wasn't installed until
late in the bootstrapping process and we were prone to miss signals
sent by other processes.

This commit installs an early-boot signal handler that merely records
the fact that we received a signal.  Once the debugger infrastructure
is in place, the signal is re-raised, kickstarting the debugger.

Among other things, this means that simple/test-debugger-client is
now _much_ less likely to fail.
```

Suggested reviewers: @indutny @piscisaureus