Trac #15063: Update French translation of the tutorial

This patch series brings the French translation of the tutorial up to
date with the English version as of
2a7ddf97856d72e40423231e238b1e7eca5d67fa. Or at least I think so:
apparently it has happened in the past that changes to the English
version went unnoticed. I followed the git history to make my changes,
so I shouldn't have missed anything, but who knows.

The translation is a bit rough at places, and reviewer patches to
improve the style are of course welcome, but I think is better to ship
an imperfect translation than none at all!

URL: http://trac.sagemath.org/15063
Reported by: mmezzarobba
Ticket author(s): Marc Mezzarobba
Reviewer(s): Nathann Cohen
Trac #14770: Alternating sign matrix transformations

1. Maps to (and from) height function
2. To corner sum matrix map
3. Compute ASM resulting from gyration action on height function
4. Compute Baxter compatibility of ASMs

URL: http://trac.sagemath.org/14770
Reported by: jessicapalencia
Ticket author(s): Jessica Striker
Reviewer(s): Travis Scrimshaw
Trac #12322: invalid simplification of complex logarithm

As pointed out by J.H. Davenport in this sage-support thread,

http://groups.google.com/group/sage-
support/browse_thread/thread/f9d2209041775c3e

the following (invalid) log simplification is made:

{{{
sage: t = var('t')
sage: assume(t, 'complex')
sage: assumptions()
[t is complex]
sage: f = (1/2)*log(2*t) + (1/2)*log(1/t)
sage: f.full_simplify()
1/2*log(2)
}}}

When, for example, t=-1,

{{{
sage: f(t = -1)
I*pi + 1/2*log(2)
}}}

The assumption that `t` is complex is not necessary here, but simplify
should ''definitely'' not ignore the imaginary part when dealing with
complex functions.

URL: http://trac.sagemath.org/12322
Reported by: mjo
Ticket author(s): Michael Orlitzky
Reviewer(s): Marc Mezzarobba
Trac #14970: make more integer factorization algorithms available to user

This is a matter of adding an "algorithm" option to the function
"factor" and wrapping some of the functionality that is currently not
easily accessible.

The patch may conflict with #1145, but that ticket has been immobile for
a long time.

URL: http://trac.sagemath.org/14970
Reported by: mstreng
Ticket author(s): Alex Ghitza
Reviewer(s): Nathann Cohen
Trac #15171: Add a class for the value groups of discrete valuations

Currently there is no class to describe the value group of a discrete
valuation. This file adds a very simple class for that. This is in
preparation
of #15154 and following tickets.

URL: http://trac.sagemath.org/15171
Reported by: saraedum
Ticket author(s): Julian Rueth
Reviewer(s): David Roe
Trac #15128: Add structure_description method to permutation groups

Add a method called structure_description to permutation groups that
wraps the educational GAP method StructureDescription. There is also an
option for LaTeX formatted string.

The full GAP documentation for this method is at [http://www.gap-
system.org/Manuals/doc/ref/chap39_mj.html#X87BF1B887C91CA2E]

URL: http://trac.sagemath.org/15128
Reported by: mathzeta2
Ticket author(s): Tomer Bauer
Reviewer(s): Nathann Cohen