src: use v8::String::NewFrom*() functions

* Change calls to String::New() and String::NewSymbol() to their
  respective one-byte, two-byte and UTF-8 counterparts.

* Add a FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING macro that takes a string literal and
  turns it into a v8::Local<v8::String>.

* Add helper functions that make v8::String::NewFromOneByte() easier to
  work with. Said function expects a `const uint8_t*` but almost every
  call site deals with `const char*` or `const unsigned char*`. Helps
  us avoid doing reinterpret_casts all over the place.

* Code that handles file system paths keeps using UTF-8 for backwards
  compatibility reasons. At least now the use of UTF-8 is explicit.

* Remove v8::String::NewSymbol() entirely. Almost all call sites were
  effectively minor de-optimizations. If you create a string only once,
  there is no point in making it a symbol. If you are create the same
  string repeatedly, it should probably be cached in a persistent
  handle.
dgram: fix regression in string argument handling

v0.10 allows strings for the offset, length and port arguments to
dgram.send() and dgram.sendto() but master before this commit would
abort with the following assert:

    node: ../../src/udp_wrap.cc:227: static void
    node::UDPWrap::DoSend(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>&,
    int): Assertion `args[2]->IsUint32()' failed.

Go beyond what v0.10 does and also add range checks: offset and length
should be >= 0, port should be between 1 and 65535.

That particular change needs to be back-ported to v0.10 because passing
a negative offset or length number aborts with the following assertions:

    node: ../../src/udp_wrap.cc:264: static v8::Handle<v8::Value>
    node::UDPWrap::DoSend(const v8::Arguments&, int): Assertion
    `offset < Buffer::Length(buffer_obj)' failed.

Or:

    node: ../../src/udp_wrap.cc:265: static v8::Handle<v8::Value>
    node::UDPWrap::DoSend(const v8::Arguments&, int): Assertion
    `length <= Buffer::Length(buffer_obj) - offset' failed.

Interestingly enough, a negative port number is accepted in v0.10 but
is silently ignored.

This commit exposed a bug in the simple/test-dgram-close test which
has also been fixed.
dgram: don't call into js when send cb is omitted

Speed up dgram.Socket#send()-heavy code a little by omitting the call
into JS land when the user doesn't pass us a completion callback.
src: fix windows build breakage from f674b09

The TWO_BYTE_BUFFER macro never made it into the final version of
the patch that got landed in commit f674b09.