synchronizes symbols

Synchronization via decoration would be neat if it actually worked.
Unfortunately, root symbols never got decorated, therefore their children
also never got decorated and all the way down to the very turtles.

This commit fixes this sad issue by turning root symbols from objects
to lazy vals. Yes, this is going to induce a performance penalty, which
will hopefully not be high enough to invalidate this cornerstone of our
synchronization strategy.

Now when root symbols are lazy vals, they can be overridden in the runtime
reflexive universe and decorated with SynchronizedSymbol, which makes their
children sync and sound.
reflection no longer uses atPhase and friends

Mentioned methods mutate the global `atPhaseStack` variable, which can
easily lead to imbalances and, ultimately, to the empty stack error.

Luckily for us, there's only one dummy phase, SomePhase, which is used
by runtime reflection, so there is absolutely zero need to invoke atPhase
in non-compiler reflexive universes.

The cleanest solution would be to override `atPhase` for runtime reflection,
but it's @inline final, so I didn't want to pay performance penalties for
something that's used three times in runtime reflection (during unpickling, in
reflection-specific completers and in `Symbol.typeParams/unsafeTypeParams`).

Therefore I added overrideable analogues of `atPhase` and `atPhaseNotLaterThan`
which are called from the aforementioned code shared between the compiler and
runtime reflection. I also had to duplicate the code of `Symbol.XXXtypeParams`,
again due to them being very performance-sensitive.
cleans up initialization of runtime reflection

At first I just tried to remove syntheticCoreClasses from missingHook
and put them into the initializer of freshly created mirrors in order to
reduce the non-determinism in mutations of the global symbol table.

And then it didn't work, crashing on me claiming that AnyRef is missing.
Apparently we still need AnyRefClass in missingHook, just because it's
impossible to initialize (i.e. unpickle) ScalaPackageClass without it.

And then it still didn't work, whining about multiple overloaded defs
of some synthetic symbols. That was really tricky, but I figured it out
as well by initializing ScalaPackageClass first before forcing any
synthetic symbols (see the details in comments).
introduces GIL to Scala reflection

On a serious note, I feel really uncomfortable about having to juggle
this slew of locks. Despite that I can't immediately find a deadlock,
I'm 100% sure there is one hiding in the shadows. Hence, I'm abandoning
all runtime reflection locks in favor of a single per-universe one.
initializes lazy vals and inner objects in advance

As discussed at http://groups.google.com/group/scala-internals/browse_thread/thread/97840ba4fd37b52e,
`synchronized(this)` employed by lazy val and inner object initialization
is an excellent way to deadlock yourself in the foot.

Imagine a thread, which grabs a reflection GIL and then calls one of those
lazy vals / objects that reflection exposes (e.g. a companion module of
an innocently looking SingleType case class). Then imagine another thread,
which calls something else in SymbolTable, grabbing symbol table's monitor,
and then tries to get a reflection GIL to do something non-trivial. Hello,
we've just arrived at a deadlock.

Since, as discussed in the aforementioned thread, there's no easy way to
change lazy vals / inner objects in reflection to use GIL instead of
synchronizing on this, I bit the bullet and manually initialized all
things with deferred initialization defined in reflect.runtime.SymbolTable.

The list of all things `$lzycompute` has been mined by a simple Python script,
then I copy/pasted that list into `JavaUniverse.scala` and went ahead forcing
objects and lazy vals mentioned there. Notably, I've been able to force all
lazy vals in Definitions.scala.

There are some todos left, but I suggest we move forward without securing them,
because the 2.10.1-RC1 release date is very close, so we'd better have a 95%
solution instead of keeping reflection thread-unsafe. Though here's the list of
todo lazy vals for the reference:

  * BaseTypeSeq.maxDepth
  * WeakTypeTag.tpe
  * AnnotationInfo.forcedInfo

For each of those lazy vals we need to make sure that their initializers never
call back into themselves. Otherwise, there's a danger of a deadlock.
optimizes Scala reflection GIL

First of all, GIL should only apply to runtime reflection, because noone
is going to run toolboxes in multiple threads: a) that's impossible, b/c
the compiler isn't thread safe, b) ToolBox api prevents that.

Secondly, the only things in symbols which require synchronization are:
1) info/validTo (completers aren't thread-safe),
2) rawInfo and its dependencies (it shares a mutable field with info)
3) non-trivial caches like in typeAsMemberOfLock

If you think about it, other things like sourceModule or associatedFile
don't need synchronization, because they are either set up when a symbol
is created or cloned or when it's completed. The former is obviously safe,
while the latter is safe as well, because before acquiring init-dependent
state of symbols, the compiler calls `initialize`, which is synchronized.

We can say that symbols can be in four possible states: 1) being created,
2) created, but not yet initialized, 3) initializing, 4) initialized.
in runtime reflection can undergo is init. #3 is dangerous and needs protection
SI-7045 reflection now auto-initializes selfType

selfType joins the happy family of flags, annotations and privateWithin,
which automatically trigger initialization, when used within runtime
reflection.
synchronizes toolboxes

We don't guarantee thread-safety of the front end, but everything else
looks good now.
synchronizes pendingVolatiles

Called from isVolatile, which is called from isStable, which is a part
of the public reflection API.
synchronizes names

Previously we didn't have all possible name creation facilities covered
with locks, so some of them silently misbehaved and caused much grief:
http://groups.google.com/group/scala-internals/browse_thread/thread/ec1d3e2c4bcb000a.

This patch gets all the name factories under control. Unfortunately it
comes at a performance cost, which has to be evaluated.
removes the assertion in missingHook

In the current synchronization scheme multiple threads can enter the
missingHook trying to materialize a package, which hasn't been created.

That's fine, because makeScalaPackage, which creates and enters package
symbols is synchronized and checks whether the creation is necessary
before commencing. Therefore even if makeScalaPackage is called multiple
times in rapid succession, the calls will be serialized and all calls
except the first one won't do anything.
runtime reflection: death from thousand threads

not anymore
thread locals instead of locks for vars in Types.scala
replaces locks over numbers with AtomicIntegers
OMG need to synchronize Symbols.recursionTable