C++: fix endless loop during template instantiation

This is the first phase of fixing bug QTCREATORBUG-10320.
This change resolves typedefs of template parameters(and resolves
problem with endless loop).

The next step will be matching appropriate template specialization
(this is needed to solve problem with missing code completion).

Missing matching: template specialization with the same parameters,
e.g.:
template <class T1, class T2, class T3>
class T
{
};

template <class T1, class T2>
class T<T1, T2, T2>
{
};

Task-number: QTCREATORBUG-10320
Change-Id: Icb6b539c021b2a67a66db9011a2e627f7d96526b
Reviewed-by: Przemyslaw Gorszkowski <pgorszkowski@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Nikolai Kosjar <nikolai.kosjar@digia.com>