Named based constant cache invalidation

Hi!

I've implemented named based constant cache invalidation in JRuby.

In my implementation, I've added a hashtable mapping constant names to `Invalidator` objects on the `Ruby` class. The lookup of the `Invalidator` object is cached in fields of certain classes - I've tried to make this threadsafe, but I'd like my approach verified because I've probably made a mistake somewhere.

I used this script to benchmark the performance improvement of this patch:

```ruby
require "benchmark"

class A
  Foo = 123

  class B
    class C
      class D
        class E
          def self.get_foo
            Foo
          end
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

Bar = 456

5.times do
  puts Benchmark.measure {
    1_000_000.times do
      Object.send(:remove_const, :Bar)
      Object.const_set(:Bar, 456)
      A::B::C::D::E.get_foo
    end
  }
end
```

**ruby-2.0.0-p0**:

```
  0.930000   0.000000   0.930000 (  0.935408)
  0.940000   0.000000   0.940000 (  0.937916)
  0.970000   0.000000   0.970000 (  0.967160)
  0.940000   0.000000   0.940000 (  0.937358)
  0.930000   0.000000   0.930000 (  0.931662)
```

**JRuby master**:

```
  1.250000   0.010000   1.260000 (  0.865000)
  0.700000   0.000000   0.700000 (  0.670000)
  0.700000   0.010000   0.710000 (  0.686000)
  0.670000   0.000000   0.670000 (  0.677000)
  0.680000   0.000000   0.680000 (  0.679000)
```

**JRuby constant-name-cache**:

```
  1.250000   0.010000   1.260000 (  0.794000)
  0.620000   0.000000   0.620000 (  0.589000)
  0.580000   0.010000   0.590000 (  0.572000)
  0.570000   0.000000   0.570000 (  0.568000)
  0.570000   0.010000   0.580000 (  0.570000)
```

:sparkles: