Added missing metadata fields to upserted documents (parent, routing, ttl, timestamp, version and versionType)

Closes #3444
Maxing out retries on conflict in bulk update cause null pointer exceptions

Also:
Bulk update one less retry then requested
Document for retries on conflict says it default to 1 (but default is 0)
TransportShardReplicationOperationAction methods now catches Throwables instead of exceptions
Added a little extra check to UpdateTests.concurrentUpdateWithRetryOnConflict

Closes #3447 & #3448