Support multi-argument UNNEST(), and TABLE() syntax for multiple functions.

This patch adds the ability to write TABLE( function1(), function2(), ...)
as a single FROM-clause entry.  The result is the concatenation of the
first row from each function, followed by the second row from each
function, etc; with NULLs inserted if any function produces fewer rows than
others.  This is believed to be a much more useful behavior than what
Postgres currently does with multiple SRFs in a SELECT list.

This syntax also provides a reasonable way to combine use of column
definition lists with WITH ORDINALITY: put the column definition list
inside TABLE(), where it's clear that it doesn't control the ordinality
column as well.

Also implement SQL-compliant multiple-argument UNNEST(), by turning
UNNEST(a,b,c) into TABLE(unnest(a), unnest(b), unnest(c)).

The SQL standard specifies TABLE() with only a single function, not
multiple functions, and it seems to require an implicit UNNEST() which is
not what this patch does.  There may be something wrong with that reading
of the spec, though, because if it's right then the spec's TABLE() is just
a pointless alternative spelling of UNNEST().  After further review of
that, we might choose to adopt a different syntax for what this patch does,
but in any case this functionality seems clearly worthwhile.

Andrew Gierth, reviewed by Zoltán Böszörményi and Heikki Linnakangas, and
significantly revised by me
Tweak streamutil.c further to avoid scan-build warning

The previous change added a new scan-build warning about need_password
assigned but not read.
Avoid acquiring spinlock when checking if recovery has finished, for speed.

RecoveryIsInProgress() can be called very frequently. During normal
operation, it just checks a backend-local variable and returns quickly,
but during hot standby, it checks a spinlock-protected shared variable.
Those spinlock acquisitions can become a point of contention on a busy
hot standby system.

Replace the spinlock acquisition with a memory barrier.

Per discussion with Andres Freund, Ants Aasma and Merlin Moncure.
Fix Hot-Standby initialization of clog and subtrans.

These bugs can cause data loss on standbys started with hot_standby=on at
the moment they start to accept read only queries, by marking committed
transactions as uncommited. The likelihood of such corruptions is small
unless the primary has a high transaction rate.

5a031a5556ff83b8a9646892715d7fef415b83c3 fixed bugs in HS's startup logic
by maintaining less state until at least STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING state
was reached, missing the fact that both clog and subtrans are written to
before that. This only failed to fail in common cases because the usage
of ExtendCLOG in procarray.c was superflous since clog extensions are
actually WAL logged.

f44eedc3f0f347a856eea8590730769125964597/I then tried to fix the missing
extensions of pg_subtrans due to the former commit's changes - which are
not WAL logged - by performing the extensions when switching to a state
> STANDBY_INITIALIZED and not performing xid assignments before that -
again missing the fact that ExtendCLOG is unneccessary - but screwed up
twice: Once because latestObservedXid wasn't updated anymore in that
state due to the earlier commit and once by having an off-by-one error in
the loop performing extensions. This means that whenever a
CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE (32768 with default settings) boundary was crossed
between the start of the checkpoint recovery started from and the first
xl_running_xact record old transactions commit bits in pg_clog could be
overwritten if they started and committed in that window.

Fix this mess by not performing ExtendCLOG() in HS at all anymore since
it's unneeded and evidently dangerous and by performing subtrans
extensions even before reaching STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING.

Analysis and patch by Andres Freund. Reported by Christophe Pettus.
Backpatch down to 9.0, like the previous commit that caused this.
Fix quoting in help messages in uuid-ossp extension scripts.

The command we're telling people to type needs to include double-quoting
around the unfortunately-chosen extension name.  Twiddle the textual
quoting so that it looks somewhat sane.  Per gripe from roadrunner6.
Flatten join alias Vars before pulling up targetlist items from a subquery.

pullup_replace_vars()'s decisions about whether a pulled-up replacement
expression needs to be wrapped in a PlaceHolderVar depend on the assumption
that what looks like a Var behaves like a Var.  However, if the Var is a
join alias reference, later flattening of join aliases might replace the
Var with something that's not a Var at all, and should have been wrapped.

To fix, do a forcible pass of flatten_join_alias_vars() on the subquery
targetlist before we start to copy items out of it.  We'll re-run that
processing on the pulled-up expressions later, but that's harmless.

Per report from Ken Tanzer; the added regression test case is based on his
example.  This bug has been there since the PlaceHolderVar mechanism was
invented, but has escaped detection because the circumstances that trigger
it are fairly narrow.  You need a flattenable query underneath an outer
join, which contains another flattenable query inside a join of its own,
with a dangerous expression (a constant or something else non-strict)
in that one's targetlist.

Having seen this, I'm wondering if it wouldn't be prudent to do all
alias-variable flattening earlier, perhaps even in the rewriter.
But that would probably not be a back-patchable change.