SI-6651 Substitute `this` in extension method sigs

This allows for the likes of:

    class A[X](val x: X) extends AnyVal {
      def foo(xy: x.Y) {}
    }

We have to do this in both directions, when synthesizing
the extension method in `Extender#transform`, and later on
when Erasure tries to find the corresponding extension
methods by backing out the original signatures from
the signatures of the synthesized methods in the companion.

In the first case, we have to be careful to use a stable
reference to the `self` parameter, which can satisfy the
dependent types.