Rewrite flip() to use FEN string manipulation

Instead of dealing directly with internal parameters
just "flip" the FEN string and set the position from
that.

No functional change.
Further tweak Position::flip

No functional change.
Increase LMR when not improving

Apply to LMR the same Eelco's idea
applied to move count pruning.

This is the result of a series of
attempts started by Thomas Kolarik.

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94, 2.94)
Total: 5675 W: 1241 L: 1117 D: 3317


And long TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94, 2.94)
Total: 8748 W: 1689 L: 1539 D: 5520

bench: 4356801
Fix 'improving' condition

Because VALUE_NONE is 30002, it happens that
after a check the next move is never an improving
one.

After this patch bench signature is independent from
VALUE_NONE actual value.

bench: 4303194
Fix GrainSize rounding error

The rounding formula is different between
positive and negative scores due to the
GrainSize/2 term that is asymmetric.

So use truncation instead of rounding. This
guarantees that evaluation is rounded to zero
in the same way for both positive and negative
scores.

Found with position's flip

bench: 4634244
Don't set Search::RootColor in Eval::trace

Search::RootColor is a global parameter set
before to start a search, it is not something
trace() should change.

This patch allows to add trace() calls, for
debugging, inside search itself without altering
the bench, and also ensures that the values
returned by trace() and evaluate() are fully
equivalent.

No functional change.
Remove Now Unneeded Help Text

With the new automatic setting of split depth
instead of a default, the user no longer needs
guidance on setting the split point.

Also threads now defaults to one.

No functional change.
Bonus for a pawn in front of knight/bishop

Idea originated from a post of Don Dailey
on talkchess and reported by Eelco.

This is the last succesful attempt of a long
series of trials (as usually happens, the
'idea' alone is not enough).

Passed both short 15secs TC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 7629 W: 1645 L: 1515 D: 4469

And long 60secs TC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 10218 W: 1932 L: 1775 D: 6511

bench: 4944581
Use exceptions to stop the search

Instead of classical flags, throw an
exception when we want to immediately halt
the search. Currently only one type
is used for both UCI stop and threads
cut off.

No functional change.
Some renaming in TT store()

No functional change.
Simplify DistanceRingsBB init

Verified by same benchmark and picking some random values.

No functional change.
Revert using exceptions

Due to crashes. It will be reapplied once
we understand what's happening.

No functional change.
Use constants arguments where possible

No functional changes.
Normalize "pawn in front of minor" patch

No functional change.
Further tweak movecount pruning

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 15140 W: 3125 L: 2976 D: 9039

And long TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94)
Total: 17118 W: 3165 L: 2974 D: 10979

bench: 4132374
Remove useless condition in KXK endgame

Because eval is never called when in check.

No functional change.
Fix crash when reaching max ply

Bug introduced in 1b7223a53c419212efbd that
updated the ss base stack without increasing
the dimension.

No functional change.
Stockfish 4

Stockfish bench signature is: 4132374
Stockfish 4 C++11

Stockfish bench signature is: 4132374