smalloc: create separate module

It will be confusing if later on we add Buffer#dispose(), and smalloc is
its own cpp api anyways. So instead create a new require('smalloc') to
expose the previous Buffer.alloc/dispose methods, and expose copyOnto
and kMaxLength as well.

Other changes:
* Added documentation and additional tests.
* smalloc::CopyOnto has changed from using assert() to throwing errors
  on bad argument values because it is not exposed to the user.
* Minor style fixes.