Set default value to ActiveModel::Validator initializer attribute

Makes it easier to test its objects.
use multiline do-end blocks and rearrange definition for clarity
Merge pull request #8839 from mattdbridges/clarify_chdir

Clarify Dir.chdir definition
adding small mention one single line blocks in contributing to rails
[ci skip]
Merge pull request #8849 from mattdbridges/contributing_to_rails

Adding mention about single-line blocks in Contributing to Rails [ci skip]
Merge pull request #8848 from Irio/master

Set default value to ActiveModel::Validator initializer attribute
s/messqage/message/ in message_encryptor_test.rb
Merge pull request #8859 from tehgeekmeister/master

Fix a typo in a test.
adding start / finish on the instrumenter, adding tests for the class
extract logger and development checks to methods
adding missing requires
fire a notification when the request stops / starts