Fix that #exists? can produce invalid SQL: "SELECT DISTINCT DISTINCT"

The combination of a :uniq => true association and the #distinct call
in #construct_limited_ids_condition combine to create invalid SQL, because
we're explicitly selecting DISTINCT, and also sending #distinct on to AREL,
via the relation#distinct_value.

Rather than build a select distinct clause in #construct_limited_ids_condition,
I set #distinct! and pass just the columns into the select statement.
This requires introducing a #columns_for_distinct method to return the
select columns but not the statement itself.
Merge pull request #6792 from Empact/postgres-distinct

Fix that #exists? can produce invalid SQL: "SELECT DISTINCT DISTINCT"