Adding Teuchos components to aid in debugging and adding more procs cases (VRI Kanban #2904)

Here I am adding a few Teuchos utilities to the C++ main program to make it
easier to debug in parallel.  I also added tests for num proces 1, 2, 3, and
4.  This is better coverage for this test.  It also means that the 1-proc case
will be tested even in an MPI build.

I spoke with Stuart about these changes.

I tested this locally against Trilinos commit fa6ff5e (before the bad commits
were pushed to Tpetra) and these tests all pass.  See VRI Kanban #2904 for
more details.