Use `Base.strict_decode64` instead of `Base.decode64` just as we do in encoding;

Also reduce extra object allocation by creating string directly instead of join on Array
Extract ActiveSupport::NumberHelper methods to classes

Due to the overall complexity of each method individually as well as the
global shared private module methods, this pulls each helper into it's
own converter class inheriting from a generic `NumberBuilder` class.

* The `NumberBuilder` class contains the private methods needed for each helper
method an eliminates the need for special definition of specialized private
module methods.
* The `ActiveSupport::NumberHelper::DEFAULTS` constant has been moved
into the `NumberBuilder` class because the `NumberBuilder` is the only
class which needs access to it.
* For each of the builders, the `#convert` method is broken down to
smaller parts and extracted into private methods for clarity of purpose.
* Most of the mutation that once was necessary has now been eliminated.
* Several of the mathematical operations for percentage, delimited, and
rounded have been moved into private methods to ease readability and
clarity.
* Internationalization is still a bit crufty, and definitely could be
improved, but it is functional and a bit easier to follow.

The following helpers were extracted into their respective classes.

* `#number_to_percentage` -> `NumberToPercentageConverter`
* `#number_to_delimited` -> `NumberToDelimitedConverter`
* `#number_to_phone` -> `NumberToPhoneConverter`
* `#number_to_currency` -> `NumberToCurrencyConverter`
* `#number_to_rounded` -> `NumberToRoundedConverter`
* `#number_to_human_size` -> `NumberToHumanSizeConverter`
* `#number_to_human` -> `NumberToHumanConverter`
Use TS::Cache instead plain Hash in TimeZone.

Plain ruby Hashes are not thread safe.
Unify AS::TZ's lazy init maps.

There's no point in having 2 almost identical (@lazy_zones_map and @zones_map) lazy initialized TZ instance caches.
Remove AS::TZ.lookup(name).

The method doesn't really make much sense (find_tzinfo will succeed for any imput provided).
Add regression test for IpSpoofAttackError issue

See #10780
Move Rack::Cache after AD::Static in the stack
Fix AR#method_missing re-dispatching into overwritten attribute methods.

This was happening when a `super` call in an overwritten attribute method
was triggering a method_missing fallback, because attribute methods
haven't been generated yet.

  class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
    def title
      # `super` would re-invoke this method if define_attribute_methods
      # hasn't been called yet resulting in double '!' appending
      super + '!'
    end
  end
Raise RuntimeErrors with inspectable and MRI-independent messages.

Previous behaviour was MRI-dependent, now we're making sure the message
is correctly shown: something that can be relyied upon across every
Ruby implementation.
Merge pull request #13020 from razielgn/raise-inspectable-messages

Raise RuntimeErrors with inspectable and MRI-independent messages.
Added `rewhere` usage to AR querying guides
Merge pull request #13026 from vipulnsward/document_rewhere

Added `rewhere` usage to AR querying guides
Better error message for typos in assert_response argument.

This commit makes it really easy to debug errors due to typos like
"assert_response :succezz".
Merge pull request #13025 from pwnall/nice_test

Better error message for typos in assert_response argument.
`delgated` => `delegated`
Merge pull request #13029 from akshay-vishnoi/documentation

`delgated` => `delegated`
avoiding calling of #option_value_selected? two times
Merge pull request #13027 from akshay-vishnoi/f-refactor

avoiding calling of #option_value_selected? two times
Revert "Merge pull request #13027 from akshay-vishnoi/f-refactor"

This reverts commit f4a5a9ea4d183f4102796215d4502c46dbe3e52b, reversing
changes made to 7ccb482181ee6c47c765406009018a15172812de.

Reason:

The logic is different, the first call to #option_value_selected? is for
the :selected option (the argument is the "selected" variable), the second
call is for the :disabled option (the argument is the "disabled" variable).
Fix some minor typos [ci skip]