LoopVectorizer: Extend the induction variable to a larger type

In some case the loop exit count computation can overflow. Extend the type to
prevent most of those cases.

The problem is loops like:
int main ()
{
  int a = 1;
  char b = 0;
  lbl:
    a &= 4;
    b--;
    if (b) goto lbl;
  return a;
}

The backedge count is 255. The induction variable type is i8. If we add one to
255 to get the exit count we overflow to zero.

To work around this issue we extend the type of the induction variable to i32 in
the case of i8 and i16.

PR17532