Support OSX frameworks

This adds support to link to OSX frameworks via the new link attribute when
using `kind = "framework"`. It is a compiler error to request linkage to a
framework when the target is not macos because other platforms don't support
frameworks.

Closes #2023
Bring the linkage documentation up-to-date

This includes documentation for all the previous changes done to linking
in #10582. Additionally, this brings the list of feature-gates up-to-date with
the currently recognized list of features.
auto merge of #10742 : alexcrichton/rust/frameworks, r=cmr

Commits have the fun details, and scrutiny on the new documentation would be appreciated!