runtime: faster hashmap implementation.

Hashtable is arranged as an array of
8-entry buckets with chained overflow.
Each bucket has 8 extra hash bits
per key to provide quick lookup within
a bucket.  Table is grown incrementally.

Update issue 3885
Go time drops from 0.51s to 0.34s.

R=r, rsc, m3b, dave, bradfitz, khr, ugorji, remyoudompheng
CC=golang-dev
https://codereview.appspot.com/7504044