Added post-autoload-dump script event.
Make Event devMode argument optional (false by default).
Throw Exception on broken signature

This is related to issue #1562

With a fresh installation of Composer I had the following message:

> The contents of https://packagist.org/p/providers-latest.json do not
match its signature, this is most likely due to a temporary glitch but
could indicate a man-in-the-middle attack.
> Try running composer again and please report it if it still persists.

This was *probably* a temporary glitch, as the error did not appear
again, even after a full reinstallation of all packages.

*However* Composer had no way to differentiate a man-in-the-middle
attack and a temporary glitch. The installation / update did continue
despite the problem and files where installed / updates with no easy
rollback. These files may have been corrupted with malicious code and I
have no way to check they don't.

This is a *serious* security issue.

The code in [ComposerRepository line
434](https://github.com/composer/composer/blob/master/src/Composer/Repos
itory/ComposerRepository.php#L434) states

```php
// TODO throw SecurityException and abort once we are sure this can not
happen accidentally
````

Even if the broken signature may happen in accidentally in a standard
process, if it may be a security issue, we have to abort the procedure,
or at least ask for confirmation to the user. If it helps continuing
despite the temporary glitch, it may be possible to add a command line
switch like `--ignore-signature` to force the process to continue.

Proposed :
Send a RepositorySecurityException instead of the warning, even if this
may happen accidentally
Fix RepositorySecurityException class name
Make use of new hashed provider filenames, fixes #1431, refs composer/packagist#283
Merge remote-tracking branch 'edas/exception-on-broken-signature'
Adjust exception message
Make packagist downgrade out of ssl after fetching the main file, since the other files can be verified via sha256
Document provider-includes
Abort execution when a RepositorySecurityException is thrown
Fix tests
Fix minor issues in json code
Fail hard only after 3 failed attempts
Add support for the hashed provider includes
Add the include_paths.php autoload file to the phar when it is present
Merge remote-tracking branch 'ronnylt/script-event-post-dump-autoload'

Conflicts:
	tests/Composer/Test/Autoload/AutoloadGeneratorTest.php
Add post-autoload-dump event to docs/schema